Regulation of Soluble Immune Mediators by Non-Coding RNAs

Editorial

15 October 2020

Editorial: Regulation of Soluble Immune Mediators by Non-Coding RNAs

Daniela Bosisio

and

Flavia Bazzoni

1,849 views

1 citations

Editors

Flavia Bazzoni

Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona

Daniela Bosisio

University of Brescia

Impact

Mini Review

14 May 2019

The Interaction Between Two Worlds: MicroRNAs and Toll-Like Receptors

Recep Bayraktar

, 1 more and

George A. Calin

Schematic of the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in TLR signaling. Cell surface and cytoplasmic TLRs can be regulated by several miRNAs, including let-7 family members, miR-21, miR-146, and miR-155. First, miRNAs can bind directly to 3′untranslated region of TLRs or TLR-related genes, leading to modulated expression of TLRs through posttranscriptional regulation of TLR signaling. Second, miRNAs serve as physiological ligands of TLRs, such as miR-21, let-7 family members, and miR-29a, which can activate TLR signaling and stimulate the release of inflammatory cytokines and IFN genes in some cell types. Functional studies have demonstrated that these miRNAs may participate in activation of TLR signaling through regulating the NF-κB pathway and the production of inflammatory cytokines, which are shown here.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical mediators of posttranscriptional regulation via their targeting of the imperfect antisense complementary regions of coding and non-coding transcripts. Recently, researchers have shown that miRNAs play roles in many aspects of regulation of immune cell function by targeting of inflammation-associated genes, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Besides this indirect regulatory role of miRNAs, they can also act as physiological ligands of specific TLRs and initiate the signaling cascade of immune response. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of miRNAs in regulation of TLR gene expression and TLR signaling, with a focus on the ability of miRNAs bind to TLRs.

13,638 views

113 citations

Samples of Apt 21-2 (100 nM) combined with LL-37 (0 to 100 μM as indicated above lanes) were incubated for 1 h on ice. Samples were then separated on a 7% native polyacrylamide gel (A) or by filter binding assay (C). Images are representative of 2 independent experiments. Densitometry was measured by ImageJ software and plotted in GraphPad Prism as percentage density of control RNA band with no added LL-37 to estimate KD. Data shown are mean ± SD (n = 2) (B,D). Apt 21-2 (1 μg) incubated with fetal calf serum at 37°C in the presence or absence of LL-37 (10 μg) for 5 h. Samples taken at indicated time points, separated on a 7% polyacrylamide urea gel and visualized using methylene blue stain. Image representative of 3 independent experiments (E). Densitometry calculated by ImageJ software and normalized to t = 0 band density as control. Band density plotted and half-life calculated in GraphPad Prism. Data shown are mean ± SD (n = 3) (F).

Original Research

24 April 2019

Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Facilitates Intracellular Uptake of RNA Aptamer Apt 21-2 Without Inducing an Inflammatory or Interferon Response

Tom Macleod

, 4 more and

Nicola J. Stonehouse

5,153 views

20 citations

Review

17 April 2019

MicroRNAs as Molecular Switches in Macrophage Activation

Graziella Curtale

, 1 more and

Massimo Locati

The efficacy of macrophage- mediated inflammatory response relies on the coordinated expression of key factors, which expression is finely regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Several studies have provided compelling evidence that microRNAs play pivotal roles in modulating macrophage activation, polarization, tissue infiltration, and resolution of inflammation. In this review, we highlight the essential molecular mechanisms underlying the different phases of inflammation that are targeted by microRNAs to inhibit or accelerate restoration to tissue integrity and homeostasis. We further review the impact of microRNA-dependent regulation of tumor-associated macrophages and the relative implication for tumor biology.

20,552 views

156 citations

P62 is present in extracellular vesicles of antigen-stimulated RBL2H3 cells. (A) General appearances of isolated extracellular vesicles and immuno-gold staining images using anti-CD63, a known membrane marker for the extracellular vesicles, and anti-p62 antibodies. Twenty-five and 10 nm gold particles indicate the localization of CD63 (outer membrane of the vesicles) and p62, respectively. Note that p62 is shown to locate in the lumen of the vesicles. (B) Extracellular vesicles isolated from un-stimulated RBL2H3 cells or antigen-stimulated RBL2H3 cells were visualized by negative staining electron microscopy. One hundred and 200 nm scale bars applied to the montages (A) and the fields (B), respectively.

Original Research

05 April 2019

MiR-135-5p-p62 Axis Regulates Autophagic Flux, Tumorigenic Potential, and Cellular Interactions Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles During Allergic Inflammation

Misun Kim

, 8 more and

Dooil Jeoung

5,065 views

29 citations

Mini Review

28 February 2019

Transcriptome of Extracellular Vesicles: State-of-the-Art

Andrey Turchinovich

, 1 more and

Alexander Tonevitsky

Exosomes and microvesicles are two major categories of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by almost all cell types and are highly abundant in biological fluids. Both the molecular composition of EVs and their release are thought to be strictly regulated by external stimuli. Multiple studies have consistently demonstrated that EVs transfer proteins, lipids and RNA between various cell types, thus mediating intercellular communication, and signaling. Importantly, small non-coding RNAs within EVs are thought to be major contributors to the molecular events occurring in the recipient cell. Furthermore, RNA cargo in exosomes and microvesicles could hold tremendous potential as non-invasive biomarkers for multiple disorders, including pathologies of the immune system. This mini-review is aimed to provide the state-of-the-art in the EVs-associated RNA transcriptome field, as well as the comprehensive analysis of previous studies characterizing RNA content within EVs released by various cells using next-generation sequencing. Finally, we highlight the technical challenges associated with obtaining pure EVs and deep sequencing of the EV-associated RNAs.

36,800 views

220 citations