This Research Topic is the second volume of “The Role of Toll-like Receptors and their Related Signaling Pathways in Viral Infection and Inflammation” Community Series. Please see Volume I
here.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a powerful system for recognition and elimination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dying cells. TLRs are mainly expressed on immune cells, but can also be present on other cell populations. Typical PAMPs include bacterial cell wall components, viral pathogens, or pathogenic nucleic acids, including viral RNA and DNA. Activation of TLRs leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons which are important for induction of the host immune response against bacterial and viral infections. However, dysregulation and overstimulation can be detrimental leading to hyper-inflammation, sepsis, and loss of tissue integrity. Furthermore, TLRs are involved in the pathogenesis of acute viral infections, including COVID-19. Consequently, TLRs are promising targets for pharmacological intervention and treatment.
The involvement of TLRs in inflammation and bacterial infection has been recognized for a long time. More recently, there is an increasing number of reports demonstrating the involvement of TLR activation in a variety of viral infections, associated with protective immunity, but also immune hyper activation and even viral replication. Recent data shows the involvement of TLR activation in various acute respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and indicate an essential role in COVID-19 pathology.
This Research Topic aims to gather the latest data and hypotheses regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms of TLR triggering and activation and their downstream signaling pathways by viral infections. We also hope to elucidate the correlation to immunology and pathophysiology of the associated diseases, with the final aim to facilitate translational research resulting in new targets for the treatment of viral infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
Topics include, but are not limited to:
• Activation of TLR and their downstream signaling pathways and their correlation to immunology and pathophysiology of viral infectious diseases
• Translational research, pharmacological and medical interventions with TLR activation and signaling and their use as therapeutic targets for viral infectious diseases including COVID-19
• Review and Original Research articles including biomolecular experiments, preclinical models and clinical studies are welcome
The Topic Editors declare no competing interests with regard to the Research Topic subject.