Neuromodulatory Control of Brainstem Function in Health and Disease

The brainstem is a conduit connecting higher brain centers, cerebellum and spinal cord and provides the main sensory and motor innervation to the face, head and neck via the cranial nerves. It plays a pivotal role in the regulation of respiration, locomotion, posture, balance, arousal (alertness, awareness and consciousness), sensory information processing (nociception, etc.), autonomic functions (including control of bowel, bladder, blood pressure and heart rate) and is responsible for the regulation of numerous reflexes including swallowing, coughing and vomiting. It is controlled by higher brain centers originating from cortical and subcortical regions including the basal ganglia and diencephalon as well as feedback loops from the cerebellum and spinal cord. A modulatory control of brainstem output can be accomplished by affecting individual neurons and consequently, the operation of neural microcircuits and behavior. This is achieved by altering cellular excitability, synaptic transmission (release probability, postsynaptic receptor responsiveness, thus altering synaptic strength and efficacy) and network properties. Such dynamic control provides flexibility of the nervous system to adapt neural output according to the functional requirements and/or demands of the individual to achieve the desired behavioral state in a changing environment. Neuromodulation can be achieved by the “classical” neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) by primary excitation and inhibition of the “anatomical network”, but can also be achieved through the use of transmitters acting on G- protein coupled receptors. Such neuromodulators include the monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine), acetylcholine, but also glutamate and GABA. In addition, neuropeptides and purines act as neuromodulators. Other chemical mediators such as nitric oxide and growth factors may also have similar actions.

The aim of this Research Topic is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic neuromodulatory systems affecting brainstem function from the anatomical, physiological and pharmacological perspective and to emphasize how these advances strengthen, modify or challenge existing conceptual models of sensorimotor and autonomic control. In addition to work addressing neuromodulatory control in normal animals, we particularly encourage experimental work that examines the functional consequences of injury and/or disease affecting such control. How does injury or disease effect the initiation and control of voluntary or autonomic motor programs (e.g., locomotion or respiration) and the ability to adjust their output according to ongoing functional demands? What are the physiological consequences (adaptations) to injuries and can one reestablish modulatory control of brainstem neurons by brain-computer interface?

In this Topic, we encourage submissions of basic and/or clinical studies utilizing new and innovative experimental paradigms, such as optogenetics or deep brain stimulation, in addition to new applications of established paradigms. We also encourage the submission of review papers that summarize current knowledge and point out important deficiencies in our current understanding of these important systems.

As this Topic is multi-disciplinary, contributing authors are asked to submit their manuscripts to the journal or section most suited to their contribution.