Dietary Habits, Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases

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Background

Particular emphasis is given to dietary habits as one of the modulators of the microbiota-immune system axis, pointing to the importance of studies in the interface of nutrition, microbiology, and immunology. Studies showed that macronutrients, micronutrients, and the different dietary profiles shape the intestinal microbiota diversity and their metabolites, impacting human health or disease. It is already known that the microbiota establishment in early life plays an essential role in the development and maturation of the mucosal and systemic immune system. In addition, the complex interaction between available nutrients and the intestinal microbiota is able to impact our immune responses throughout life, maintaining homeostatic conditions. The breakdown of this balanced diet-microbiota-immune system crosstalk can influence disease triggering, including autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, thyroid autoimmune disease, among others.

Autoimmune diseases are multifactorial conditions, involving genetic and environmental factors, as well as, a dysfunctional immune response and intestinal dysbiosis. Besides that, the increased incidence of autoimmune diseases worldwide is not explained by genetic background or infections, suggesting a fundamental role of westernized dietary habits and dysbiosis in disease development in industrialized societies. The nutrition-mediated disruption of the microbiota-immune system axis can lead to short and long-term effects, such as dysbiosis, mucosal barrier deterioration, leaky gut, microbial translocation to lamina propria and bloodstream, and systemic inflammation, impacting all of the gut-organ axis and our entire physiology. Westernized diet includes high consumption of saturated fats, sugar, additives, and decreased fibers intake. Mediterranean or plant-based diets include high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, including fibers and high quality fats. Western and Mediterranean diets are representative models of detrimental or beneficial dietary patterns, respectively.
The future of microbiota-based nutrition is to prevent diseases in genetic predisposal individuals, and predict clinical phenotypes and diseases in order to guide personalized therapies. Moreover, personalized microbiota-based diets could be designed using computational machine learning to design diets that will modulate the microbiota-immune system axis and improve clinical responses to autoimmune diseases.
In this Research Topic, we aim to assemble a series of articles that highlight how dietary habits impact the microbiota-immune system axis and could influence autoimmune disease development. We aim to collect studies that report mechanisms and personalized dietary-based interventions to modulate the microbiota-immune system axis and autoimmune diseases. We welcome the submission of Mini-reviews, Reviews, Systematic reviews, Brief Research reports, Original Research, and Clinical trials that cover, but are not limited to, the following topics:

1. Metagenomics and metabolomics studies in mice and humans evaluating the impact of dietary habits in organ- or systemic autoimmune diseases;
2. Metagenomics and metabolomics studies in mice and humans evaluating the impact of diet-microbiota crosstalk in organ- or systemic autoimmune diseases;
3. Metagenomics and metabolomics studies in mice and humans evaluating the impact of diet-immune-system crosstalk in organ- or systemic autoimmune diseases;
4. Metagenomics and metabolomics studies in mice and humans evaluating the impact of diet-microbiota-immune system axis in organ- or systemic autoimmune diseases;
5. Personalized dietary-based interventions to modulate the microbiota-immune system axis aimed at restoring intestinal dysbiosis and immune homeostasis in organ- or systemic autoimmune diseases.

Keywords: diet, microbiota, interventions, autoimmune diseases

Important note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

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