The way we conceive food intake nowadays has been deeply renovated, and adapted to the new eating trends. Diets with a low intake of carbohydrates (ketogenic), plant-based (vegetarian, vegan, and derivatives) as well as changing eating patterns (intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating) are common practices in our current society. Dietary choices are usually made perusing benefits on factors such as body weight, body composition and improving the lipid profile. However, nutrition and meal intakes have an undeniable impact on our immune system. Likewise, circadian rhythms govern the oscillation and activity of immune cells, the food intake the dominant zeitgeber signal in the peripheral clocks. In addition, the gut microbiota (drastically influenced by our eating habits) plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system.

We intend to summarize the most recent research regarding the effects of different diets and eating patterns on the functioning, regulation, and activation of the immune system. The goal is to delve into the immune impact of eating habits while considering the wide range of possibilities reflected in the current society. This will complement the existing knowledge with new information on the immune system, based not only on healthy but also diseased conditions. This Research Topic will gather work describing how diets such as ketogenic, plant-based, Mediterranean, etc. and time-restricted feeding patterns (intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating) affect the immune system and its regulation. It is intended to broaden our knowledge on the effect of eating habits beyond the metabolic response, integrating the modulation of the immune system (hematopoiesis, regulation of circulating and tissue-resident cells and their function, immune system-gut microbiota interplay, postprandial and circadian regulation) in the analysis.

We welcome studies (reviews, original research, metanalyses) on, but not limited to, the following topics:

- Alterations of the circadian regulation of the immune system upon following diets/eating patterns
- Postprandial effects of diets/eating patterns on the immune system regulation
- The effect of diets/eating patterns on the immune system in the context of metabolic diseases
- The effect of diets/eating patterns on the immune system in the context of metabolic diseases
- The effect of diets/eating patterns on the immune system in the context of cardiovascular diseases
- Diets/eating patterns and the modulation of autophagy in the immune system
- Diets/eating patterns and modulation of immune-gut microbiota interplay
- Alterations of the circadian regulation of the immune system upon following diets/eating patterns

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