Microbiota in Skin Inflammatory Diseases

Editorial

15 June 2023

Editorial: Microbiota in skin inflammatory diseases

Eun Jeong Park

Hariom Yadav

and

Tej Pratap Singh

3,105 views

2 citations

Editors

Hariom Yadav

USF Center for Microbiome Research

Eun Jeong Park

Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University

Tej Pratap Singh

University of Pennsylvania

Impact

Original Research

26 May 2023

Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from atopic or healthy skin have opposite effect on skin cells: potential implication of the AHR pathway modulation

Leslie Landemaine

, 14 more and

Mathias L. Richard

Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium ubiquitously present on human skin. This species is considered as a key member of the healthy skin microbiota, involved in the defense against pathogens, modulating the immune system, and involved in wound repair. Simultaneously, S. epidermidis is the second cause of nosocomial infections and an overgrowth of S. epidermidis has been described in skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Diverse isolates of S. epidermidis co-exist on the skin. Elucidating the genetic and phenotypic specificities of these species in skin health and disease is key to better understand their role in various skin conditions. Additionally, the exact mechanisms by which commensals interact with host cells is partially understood. We hypothesized that S. epidermidis isolates identified from different skin origins could play distinct roles on skin differentiation and that these effects could be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway.

Methods: For this purpose, a library of 12 strains originated from healthy skin (non-hyperseborrheic (NH) and hyperseborrheic (H) skin types) and disease skin (atopic (AD) skin type) was characterized at the genomic and phenotypic levels.

Results and discussion: Here we showed that strains from atopic lesional skin alter the epidermis structure of a 3D reconstructed skin model whereas strains from NH healthy skin do not. All strains from NH healthy skin induced AhR/OVOL1 path and produced high quantities of indole metabolites in co-culture with NHEK; especially indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA); while AD strains did not induce AhR/OVOL1 path but its inhibitor STAT6 and produced the lowest levels of indoles as compared to the other strains. As a consequence, strains from AD skin altered the differentiation markers FLG and DSG1. The results presented here, on a library of 12 strains, showed that S. epidermidis originated from NH healthy skin and atopic skin have opposite effects on the epidermal cohesion and structure and that these differences could be linked to their capacity to produce metabolites, which in turn could activate AHR pathway. Our results on a specific library of strains provide new insights into how S. epidermidis may interact with the skin to promote health or disease.

17,316 views

24 citations

epidermidis glycerol ferment suppresses S. aureus-aggravated IL-33. (A, B). Three-week old C57BL/6 mice were first subjected to AEW treatment twice daily for 2 days, and were then epicutaneously challenged with S. epidermidis or S. aureus (5 × 108 CFU) individually or simultaneously, with or without 2% glycerol. Mice were sacrificed the next day following the epicutaneous challenges (A) IL-33 level in the skin. (B) IL-6 level in the skin. (C, D). IL-33 secreted by (C) KERTr cells and (D) mouse primary keratinocytes infected with S. aureus and treated concurrently with acetate, butyrate, or propionate for 24 h. (E) Level of IL-33 from KERTr cell infected with S. aureus and treated with butyrate for 24 h. (F) Survival rate of KERTr cells after 24 h of butyrate treatment. (G, H). The evaluation S. aureus (2×107 CFU/ml) growth after incubation with 1 mM of acetate, butyrate, or propionate for 24 h. Data are shown as mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments (n=3-8 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (A-F and H). n.s, Not significant. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001.

Original Research

16 May 2023

Butyrate inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-aggravated dermal IL-33 expression and skin inflammation through histone deacetylase inhibition

Chia-Hui Luo

, 1 more and

Ya-Jen Chang

4,539 views

12 citations

Original Research

14 April 2023

Association of gut microbiome and metabolites with onset and treatment response of patients with pemphigus vulgaris

Yiyi Wang

, 8 more and

Heng Xu

4,702 views

11 citations

Review

04 April 2023

Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease

Yang Chen

, 1 more and

Richard L. Gallo

Despite its harsh and dry environment, human skin is home to diverse microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microscopic mites. These microbes form communities that may exist at the skin surface, deeper skin layers, and within microhabitats such as the hair follicle and sweat glands, allowing complex interactions with the host immune system. Imbalances in the skin microbiome, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to various inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis. The roles of abundant commensal bacteria belonging to Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium taxa and the fungi Malassezia, where particular species or strains can benefit the host or cause disease, are increasingly appreciated in skin disorders. Furthermore, recent research suggests that the interactions between microorganisms and the host’s immune system on the skin can have distant and systemic effects on the body, such as on the gut and brain, known as the “skin-gut” or “skin-brain” axes. Studies on the microbiome in skin disease have typically relied on 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods, which cannot provide accurate information about species or strains of microorganisms on the skin. However, advancing technologies, including metagenomics and other functional ‘omic’ approaches, have great potential to provide more comprehensive and detailed information about the skin microbiome in health and disease. Additionally, inter-species and multi-kingdom interactions can cause cascading shifts towards dysbiosis and are crucial but yet-to-be-explored aspects of many skin disorders. Better understanding these complex dynamics will require meta-omic studies complemented with experiments and clinical trials to confirm function. Evolving how we profile the skin microbiome alongside technological advances is essential to exploring such relationships. This review presents the current and emerging methods and their findings for profiling skin microbes to advance our understanding of the microbiome in skin disease.

17,467 views

36 citations