Zoonotic Bacteria: Genomic Evolution, Antimicrobial Resistance, Pathogenicity, and Prevention Strategies

Cover image for research topic "Zoonotic Bacteria: Genomic Evolution, Antimicrobial Resistance, Pathogenicity, and Prevention Strategies"
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Abattoirs are facilities where livestock are slaughtered and are an important aspect in the food production chain. There are several types of abattoirs, which differ in infrastructure and facilities, sanitation and PPE practices, and adherence to regulations. In each abattoir facility, worker exposure to animals and animal products increases their risk of infection from zoonotic pathogens. Backyard abattoirs and slaughter slabs have the highest risk of pathogen transmission because of substandard hygiene practices and minimal infrastructure. These abattoir conditions can often contribute to environmental contamination and may play a significant role in disease outbreaks within communities. To assess further the risk of disease, we conducted a scoping review of parasites and pathogens among livestock and human workers in abattoirs across 13 Eastern African countries, which are hotspots for zoonoses. Our search results (n = 104 articles) showed the presence of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and macroparasites (nematodes, cestodes, etc.) in cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, camels, and poultry. Most articles reported results from cattle, and the most frequent pathogen detected was Mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis. Some articles included worker survey and questionnaires that suggested how the use of PPE along with proper worker training and safe animal handling practices could reduce disease risk. Based on these findings, we discuss ways to improve abattoir biosafety and increase biosurveillance for disease control and mitigation. Abattoirs are a ‘catch all’ for pathogens, and by surveying animals at abattoirs, health officials can determine which diseases are prevalent in different regions and which pathogens are most likely transmitted from wildlife to livestock. We suggest a regional approach to biosurveillance, which will improve testing and data gathering for enhanced disease risk mapping and forecasting. Next generation sequencing will be key in identifying a wide range of pathogens, rather than a targeted approach.

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Original Research
16 November 2022
Genomic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis strains isolated from bovine in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil
Taís Ramalho dos Anjos
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Ricardo César Tavares Carvalho
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis genomes sequenced in the state of Mato Grosso grouped with other genomes sequenced in other states of Brazil. Four Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis genomes isolated from bovine TMT05 (SRR15649880), TMT116 (SRR15649878), TMT24 (SRR15649879), and TMT123 (SRR15649877) from the state of Mato Grosso. Identifications in red: Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis genomes obtained from cattle and sequenced in this study; green: Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis genomes from cattle or buffalo from Marajó Island, Pará; orange: genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis obtained from cattle or buffaloes from the Amazon; dark blue: Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis genomes obtained from cattle from southern Brazil; pink: Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis genomes obtained from deer from a safari in southern Brazil; yellow: llama; light blue: BCG strain genome; light green: capybara; gray: Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis isolated from cattle; black: first Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis strain sequenced in Brazil; outgroups: Mycobacterium africanum (purple), Mycobacterium caprae (light pink), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (black).

The species Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis (M. tuberculosis var. bovis) is associated with tuberculosis, mainly in cattle and buffaloes. This pathogen has the potential to infect other mammals, including humans. Tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis var. bovis is a zoonosis clinically identical to tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the recommended treatment in humans results in the use of antibiotics. In this study, we used the whole genome sequencing (WGS) methodology Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System platform to characterize the genome of M. tuberculosis var. bovis in cattle circulating in Mato Grosso, identify mutations related to drug resistance genes, compare with other strains of M. tuberculosis var. bovis brazilian and assess potential drug resistance. Four isolates of M. tuberculosis var. bovis of cattle origin representing the main livestock circuits, which had been more prevalent in previous studies in the state of Mato Grosso, were selected for the genomic study. The genome sizes of the sequenced strains ranged from 4,306,423 to 4,332,964 bp, and the GC content was 65.6%. The four strains from Mato Grosso presented resistance genes to pncA (pyrazinamide), characterized as drug-resistant strains. In addition to verifying several point mutations in the pncA, rpsA, rpsL, gid, rpoB, katG, gyrB, gyrA, tlyA, embA, embB, embC, fgd, fbiB, and fbiC genes, these genes were similar to antibiotic resistance in more than 92% of the Brazilian strains. Therefore, our results indicated a high genetic diversity between our isolates and other M. tuberculosis var. bovis isolated in Brazil. Thus, multiple transmission routes of this pathogen may be present in the production chain. So, to achieve a bovine tuberculosis-free health status, the use of the WGS as a control and monitoring tool will be crucial to determine these transmission routes.

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Frontiers in Microbiology

Research Advances toward One Health in Brucellosis
Edited by Carlos Rossetti, Angel Alejandro Oñate, Beatriz Arellano Reynoso, Eduardo H. Gotuzzo, Claire PONSART
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31 August 2024
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