66K
views
107
authors
17
articles
Editors
4
Impact
Loading...
5,514 views
6 citations

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is characterized by recurrent or persistent infections with Candida of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, esophagus, and vagina). Compared with that of other infectious diseases, the immune pathogenic mechanism of CMC is still poorly understood. We identified a signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gain-of-function (c.Y289C) mutation in a CMC patient. Single-cell transcriptional profiling on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this patient revealed decreases in immature B cells and monocytes. Further analysis revealed several differentially expressed genes related to immune regulation, including RGS1, TNFAIP3, S100A8/A9, and CTSS. In our review of the literature on signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gain-of-function (c.Y289C) mutations, we identified seven cases in total. The median age of onset for CMC (n=4, data lacking for three cases) was 10.5 years (range: birth to 11 years), with an average onset age of 8 years. There were no reports linking tumors to the c.Y289C mutation, and the incidence of pre-existing clinical disease in patients with the c.Y289C mutation was similar to previous data.

5,162 views
9 citations
Mini Review
16 June 2022
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Candida albicans Infection
Yufei He
3 more and 
Jianhua Wu
albicans, neutrophils and NETs. The invading C. albicans can be cleared by neutrophils through different killing approaches, such as phagocytosis targeted to yeast and NET release induced by hyphae. Several stimuli derived from C. albicans hyphae, including mannans, β-glucans, Saps, eNA and farnesol, activate various receptors on the surface of neutrophils and trigger NET release. Consequently, NETs capture and kill both yeast and hyphae. Furthermore, C. albicans inhibits NET release by forming biofilms and degrades NETs by secreting nuclease, while using NET proteins to strengthen their invasiveness. NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; Saps, secreted aspartic proteases; eNA, extracellular nucleic acids; CR3, complement receptor 3; TLRs, toll-like receptors.

Candida albicans is the most common pathogen causing clinical Candida infections. Neutrophils are a key member of the host innate immunity that plays an essential role in clearing invading C. albicans. In addition to the well-known defensive approaches such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and reactive oxygen species production, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has also become an important way for neutrophils to defend against various pathogens. C. albicans has been reported to be capable of activating neutrophils to release NETs that subsequently kill fungi. The induction of NETs is affected by both the morphology and virulence factors of C. albicans, which also develops specific strategies to respond to the attack by NETs. Our review specifically focuses on the mechanisms by which C. albicans triggers NET formation and their subsequent interactions, which might provide meaningful insight into the innate immunity against C. albicans infection.

7,593 views
24 citations
Original Research
14 June 2022
Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”?
Xue Wang
5 more and 
Yanping Jiang
Article Cover Image

Human disseminated protothecosis is a rare infection caused by members of the genus Prototheca, an achlorophyllic algae always associated with debilitated hosts. The presence of non-budding cells and large, spherical cells (sporangia) with endosporulation (morula) in histology is proof of Prototheca infection. Regrettably, due to the lack of specificity of clinical features and low awareness among clinicians, protothecosis is always underestimated and misdiagnosed. The available data on a species-specific analysis of this infection are limited. In this review, we summarize the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of disseminated protothecosis. The potential pathogenicity and clinical differences between P. zopfii and P. wickerhamii were observed. Additionally, the skin not only became the main invasion site but also the most involved organ by the pathogen. With the increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals throughout the world, the incidence of disseminated infection caused by Prototheca is bound to increase, and disseminated protothecosis that accompanies skin symptoms should be taken into account by clinicians.

4,072 views
12 citations