Trace Element Chemistry and Health

Editorial

18 October 2022

Editorial: Trace element chemistry and health

Xinyu Wang

Yahao Zhao

Xueming Wu

Leqi Cui

and

Shuai Mao

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Editors

Shuai Mao

University of Michigan

Leqi Cui

Florida State University

Lu Wang

University of Michigan

Zhi Xie

College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, China

Impact

Proposed hypothetical mechanisms revealing the relationship among fluorine, hepatic CES1, T-2 toxin hydrolysis, and chondrocyte toxicity. No causality has been established between the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and chondrocyte toxicity. We suppose that fluorine in the external environment affects the expression and activity levels of CES1 in hepatocytes. Then, we demonstrate CES1 is responsible for the hydrolysis and detoxification of T-2 toxin. Finally, fluoride indirectly decreases the hydrolytic metabolism of T-2 toxin via CES1 and subsequently increases T-2 toxin-induced chondrocyte toxicity.

Original Research

03 August 2022

Fluorine impairs carboxylesterase 1-mediated hydrolysis of T-2 toxin and increases its chondrocyte toxicity

Yumeng Jia

, 9 more and

Xiong Guo

Background: T-2 toxin is recognized as one of the high-risk environmental factors for etiology and pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). Previous evidence indicates decreased serum fluorine level in KBD patients. However, whether fluoride could regulate carboxylesterase 1 (CES1)-mediated T-2 toxin hydrolysis and alter its chondrocyte toxicity remains largely unknown.

Methods: In this study, in vitro hydrolytic kinetics were explored using recombinant human CES1. HPLC-MS/MS was used to quantitative determination of hydrolytic metabolites of T-2 toxin. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentration of sodium fluoride (NaF). qRT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to compare the mRNA and protein expression levels of CES1. C28/I2 cells were treated with T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and neosolaniol (NEO), and then cell viability was determined by MTT assay, cell apoptosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI, Hoechst 33258 staining, and cleaved caspase-3, and cell cycle was monitored by flow cytometry assay, CKD4 and CDK6.

Results: We identified that recombinant human CES1 was involved in T-2 toxin hydrolysis to generate HT-2 toxin, but not NEO, and NaF repressed the formation of HT-2 toxin. Both mRNA and protein expression of CES1 were significantly down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner after NaF treatment in HepG2 cells. Moreover, we evaluated the chondrocyte toxicity of T-2 toxin and its hydrolytic metabolites. Results showed that T-2 toxin induced strongest cell apoptosis, followed by HT-2 toxin and NEO. The decreased the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase was observed with the descending order of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and NEO.

Conclusions: This study reveals that CES1 is responsible for the hydrolysis of T-2 toxin, and that fluoride impairs CES1-mediated T-2 toxin detoxification to increase its chondrocyte toxicity. This study provides novel insight into understanding the relationship between fluoride and T-2 toxin in the etiology of KBD.

2,740 views

6 citations

Photographs of test strips immersed in different analyte aqueous solutions under ambient light (A) and hand-held UV lamp at 365 nm (B).

Original Research

27 June 2022

A Highly Sensitive and Selective Fluorescein-Based Cu2+ Probe and Its Bioimaging in Cell

Xin Leng

, 6 more and

Bingqin Yang

2,076 views

6 citations

The effects of the element mixtures on serum albumin estimated by Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression. Model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, educational attainment, cigarette smoking habits, alcohol consumption habits, hypertension status, and diabetes status. (A) Overall effect of the element mixtures; (B) univariate exposure–response relationships; (C) the single exposure-response functions for each element; and (D) bivariate exposure–response functions for pairs of elements. Al, aluminum; As, arsenic; Ba, barium; Cd, cadmium; Co, cobalt; Cr, chromium; Cs, cesium; Cu, copper; Fe, iron; Mn, manganese; Ni, nickel; Pb, lead; Se, selenium; Sr, strontium; Zn, zinc; BMI, body mass index.

Original Research

18 July 2022

The effect of urinary essential and non-essential elements on serum albumin: Evidence from a community-based study of the elderly in Beijing

Ang Li

, 7 more and

Qun Xu

1,784 views

6 citations

Original Research

08 April 2022

The Status of Selenium and Zinc in the Urine of Children From Endemic Areas of Kashin-Beck Disease Over Three Consecutive Years

Xin Kang

, 14 more and

Xiong Guo

The content of selenium and zinc in hair in 2017. (A) The content of selenium in hair from KBD-X and NC groups, (B) the content of zinc in hair from KBD-X and NC groups, (C) the content of selenium in hair in five (Yongshou, Chuanhua, Xunyi, Qianyang, and Linyou) counties, and (D) the content of zinc in hair in five (Yongshou, Chuanhua, Xunyi, Qianyang, and Linyou) counties. *P < 0.05.

Selenium deficiency is one of the main risk factors for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). This study aimed to detect the status of selenium and zinc in the urine of children from endemic areas of KBD over three consecutive years and to evaluate whether selenium and zinc levels in children in Shaanxi Province remain normal after stopping selenium supplementation. The samples of urine were collected in consecutive years (2017–2019) to detect selenium content by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HGAFS) and to detect zinc content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Generalized estimation equation (GEE) analysis was integrated to assess the comprehensive nutritional status and dietary structure of children. Data were processed in duplicate and analyzed by SPSS 18.0. This study included 30 X-ray-positive KBD cases and 123 healthy children aged 7–12 years. A total of 424 urine and 137 hair samples were collected over three consecutive years for selenium determination. The mean value of urinary selenium in all subjects was 6.86 μg/l (2017), 8.26 μg/l (2018), and 4.04 μg/l (2019), and the mean value of urinary zinc in all subjects was 0.36 mg/l (2017), 0.39 mg/l (2018), and 0.31 mg/l (2019) for the three consecutive years of 2017–2019. The mean values of urinary selenium were 6.56 and 6.94 μg/l (2017), 8.69 and 8.14 μg/l (2018), and 4.57 and 3.90 μg/l (2019) in the KBD-X and normal groups, respectively; and the mean value of urinary zinc were 0.38 and 0.35 mg/l (2017), 0.41 and 0.39 mg/l (2018), and 0.43 and 0.28 mg/l (2019) in the KBD-X and normal groups, respectively. The mean value of hair selenium in 137 subjects was 275.08 μg/kg and the mean values of hair selenium were 267.48 and 276.61 μg/kg in the KBD-X group and normal group, respectively. The level of selenium/zinc showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing during the three consecutive years. The level of selenium in all subjects from the endemic areas was lower than normal, which reminds us to monitor the state of KBD constantly and adjust selenium salt supplementation in accordance with the changes in the KBD state.

2,075 views

7 citations