Trace Element Chemistry and Health

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Down-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of CES1 treated with different concentrations of sodium fluoride in HepG2 cells. (A) mRNA expression level of CES1; (B) The representative immunoblot band of CES1; (C) The normalization of CES1 to the internal reference protein GAPDH as control. HepG2 cells were treated with sodium fluoride (10, 100 and 1000 μM) or the same volume of PBS for 24 h. Total RNA was isolated and cell lysates were prepared for qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 each). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. NaF, sodium fluoride.
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Selenium deficiency is one of the main risk factors for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). This study aimed to detect the status of selenium and zinc in the urine of children from endemic areas of KBD over three consecutive years and to evaluate whether selenium and zinc levels in children in Shaanxi Province remain normal after stopping selenium supplementation. The samples of urine were collected in consecutive years (2017–2019) to detect selenium content by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HGAFS) and to detect zinc content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Generalized estimation equation (GEE) analysis was integrated to assess the comprehensive nutritional status and dietary structure of children. Data were processed in duplicate and analyzed by SPSS 18.0. This study included 30 X-ray-positive KBD cases and 123 healthy children aged 7–12 years. A total of 424 urine and 137 hair samples were collected over three consecutive years for selenium determination. The mean value of urinary selenium in all subjects was 6.86 μg/l (2017), 8.26 μg/l (2018), and 4.04 μg/l (2019), and the mean value of urinary zinc in all subjects was 0.36 mg/l (2017), 0.39 mg/l (2018), and 0.31 mg/l (2019) for the three consecutive years of 2017–2019. The mean values of urinary selenium were 6.56 and 6.94 μg/l (2017), 8.69 and 8.14 μg/l (2018), and 4.57 and 3.90 μg/l (2019) in the KBD-X and normal groups, respectively; and the mean value of urinary zinc were 0.38 and 0.35 mg/l (2017), 0.41 and 0.39 mg/l (2018), and 0.43 and 0.28 mg/l (2019) in the KBD-X and normal groups, respectively. The mean value of hair selenium in 137 subjects was 275.08 μg/kg and the mean values of hair selenium were 267.48 and 276.61 μg/kg in the KBD-X group and normal group, respectively. The level of selenium/zinc showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing during the three consecutive years. The level of selenium in all subjects from the endemic areas was lower than normal, which reminds us to monitor the state of KBD constantly and adjust selenium salt supplementation in accordance with the changes in the KBD state.

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