Uropathogens includes a wide range of fungal and bacterial infectious agents which can lead to different infectious diseases in lower and upper parts of male and female urinary tracts. In this regard, a versatile of factors such as microbial virulence factors, hospitalization, urinary catheters, diabetes, gender’s anatomy, private hygiene, immunogenetics etc. All the mentioned items directly affect the host-pathogen interactions. The host immune system has a pivotal role against uropathogens. The innate immune system glycoproteins and biomolecules including interleukins and toll-like receptors are effective weapons which can be involved against urinary tract infectious agents. These immunomolecules are capable to activate the adaptive immune system, too. The persistence of uropathogens and the continuous presence of urinary tract infections in patients may result in production of struvite and staghorn stones. The presence of the related stones may lead to serious malignancies such as kidney failure and acute/chronic kidney diseases.

In addition, accurate diagnostics and treating procedures can guarantee a definite treatment. Using antibiotics is a traditional choice. However, the urinary tract infections caused by ß-lactamase producing bacteria should be treated via different inhibitors, agonists and antagonists.

As we know in recent years, the urinary tract infections cost tens of millions of US dollars for governments and public health centers worldwide. Antibiotic resistance, wrong diagnostics and antibiotic misuse are the main global cases which may lead to indefinite treatment. Today, the production and recruitment of ß-lactamase inhibitors, toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists etc. are our effective options to have definite treatment for urinary tract infections. Simultaneously, investigations regarding uropathogens, their mechanisms of pathogenesis, microbial virulence factors, human hosts’ predisposing factors, immunogenetics, immune system and host-pathogen interactions help us to have a deep understanding of the intrinsic of the infections and infectious agents. These result in effective solutions to reduce inaccurate diagnostics and the cases of indefinite treatment and to increase the accuracy of diagnostics and definite treatment.

1) Gram-positive and Gram-negative Uropathogens
• Pathogenesis
• Virulence factors
• ß-lactamase producing bacteria
• ß-lactamases: classifications, structural and molecular characteristics
• Antibiotic resistance genes
• Staghorn stones
• Struvite stones

2) Urinary tract infections
• Predisposing factors
• Types and characteristics of urinary tract infections
• Diagnostics

3) Host-pathogen interactions
• Innate immune cells
• Interleukins and signalling pathways
• Toll-like receptors and signalling pathways
• Adaptive immune cells
• Non-immune cells

4) Treatment
• Effective antibiotics and the related mechanisms
• Ineffective antibiotics and the related mechanisms
• ß-lactamase inhibitors and the related mechanisms
• Agonists and the related mechanisms
• Antagonists and the related mechanisms

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