Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths with approximately over 350,000 new cases per year globally. RCC continues to have poor prognosis with approximately 30% of patients who develop metastatic disease at diagnosis with a 5-year survival rate less than 15%.
There has been significant progress with the development of effective treatment for RCC patients within the last decade, which previously focused primarily on multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) which were used as first-line treatment but were found to be limited by short-lived efficacy and aggressive disease progression. More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, specifically nivolumab and ipilimumab, have altered the treatment paradigm for metastatic RCC and ICI is becoming a more common form of first-line treatment for metastatic clear cell RCC (ccRCC) as it promises to deliver a greater response rate to the disease.
Studies have demonstrated that ICIs release an inactive immune response by stopping specific down-regulators of the immune response which includes cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The immune response involves CTLA-4 which is expressed on T cells' surface and has been found to slow down the CD4+ and CD8+ cells' activation. The immune response ultimately leads to T cell exhaustion and inhibits their ability to activate and differentiate. Therefore, the use of ICI has improved the survival rate and prognosis of RCC and is most commonly combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors to establish a greater response rate. However, treatment for RCC continues to develop and further studies are required to identify potential biomarkers and other forms of treatment to improve survival rate and prognosis.
This Research Topic aims to generate an active discussion of current research focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors utilised in the treatment and therapy of renal cell carcinoma. We welcome Original Articles, Review Articles and Systematic Reviews.
Please note: manuscripts consisting solely of bioinformatics or computational analysis of public genomic or transcriptomic databases which are not accompanied by validation (independent cohort or biological validation in vitro or in vivo) are out of scope for this section and will not be accepted as part of this Research Topic.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths with approximately over 350,000 new cases per year globally. RCC continues to have poor prognosis with approximately 30% of patients who develop metastatic disease at diagnosis with a 5-year survival rate less than 15%.
There has been significant progress with the development of effective treatment for RCC patients within the last decade, which previously focused primarily on multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) which were used as first-line treatment but were found to be limited by short-lived efficacy and aggressive disease progression. More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, specifically nivolumab and ipilimumab, have altered the treatment paradigm for metastatic RCC and ICI is becoming a more common form of first-line treatment for metastatic clear cell RCC (ccRCC) as it promises to deliver a greater response rate to the disease.
Studies have demonstrated that ICIs release an inactive immune response by stopping specific down-regulators of the immune response which includes cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The immune response involves CTLA-4 which is expressed on T cells' surface and has been found to slow down the CD4+ and CD8+ cells' activation. The immune response ultimately leads to T cell exhaustion and inhibits their ability to activate and differentiate. Therefore, the use of ICI has improved the survival rate and prognosis of RCC and is most commonly combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors to establish a greater response rate. However, treatment for RCC continues to develop and further studies are required to identify potential biomarkers and other forms of treatment to improve survival rate and prognosis.
This Research Topic aims to generate an active discussion of current research focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors utilised in the treatment and therapy of renal cell carcinoma. We welcome Original Articles, Review Articles and Systematic Reviews.
Please note: manuscripts consisting solely of bioinformatics or computational analysis of public genomic or transcriptomic databases which are not accompanied by validation (independent cohort or biological validation in vitro or in vivo) are out of scope for this section and will not be accepted as part of this Research Topic.