Microbial Sensing to control Host Immune Responses

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Background

Intestinal microbes play an important role in cellular homeostasis. Microbial sensors such as epithelial and phagocytic receptors and mediators play a crucial role in the recognition and internalization of a pathogen and controlling the downstream inflammatory responses. These sensors affect also the regulation of autophagy induction, bacterial clearance, and host immune response. There are several examples of these sensors such as Toll-like receptors (TLR), Engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1), Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), BAI, etc. Previous studies confirmed that these sensors affect the pathogenesis of Salmonella, Shigella, and adherent invasive E. coli. Interestingly, the expression of these sensors could be altered the microbes and the expression could be also changed in some conditions that affect disease pathogenesis. For examples, the expression of ELMO1 is elevated in the colon epithelium of Inflammatory bowel disease patients with a higher level of TNF-α and MCP1 cytokines. The expression of ELMO1 is important in other disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, neurological diseases. These microbial sensors could be also a biomarker for some diseases. In addition, the interaction of these sensors with bacterial effectors from enteric bacteria such as SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 (Shigella), MAP (E.coli) affects the bacterial internalization, dissemination, inflammatory pathogenesis, and disease pathogenesis. Moreover, the microbial sensing could affect the pathogenesis of non-enteric pathogens and plant pathogens.

Inflammation is a common factor in most chronic diseases, and most of the patients do not respond to the current medications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers in the earlier stages of the disease. Inflammatory diseases in the GIT are mediated by microbial sensing in the intestinal tract which is critical to initiate the inflammation. Targeting the microbial signaling pathway could be beneficial to restore immune homeostasis and resolve chronic inflammation via a completely novel approach that could synergize with existing therapies, and thereby, improve response rates and rates of sustained remission.

Manuscripts including original research article, or review articles that include the role of microbial sensing in control host innate immune response, role of microbial sensing as a biomarker for early detection of disease, targeting microbial host signaling pathway to control disease, identification of specific signaling pathways and/or cytokine release as a result of microbial pathogenesis are welcome.

Keywords: Microbial sensors, Bacterial effectors, Innate immune response, Pathogenesis, Inflammatory cytokines

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