All types of cells have been shown to release extracellular vesicles, which are originated from different subcellular origins, mainly known from their independent sources, i.e., plasma membrane, late endosomes, lysosomes, or combination of endosome-lysosomes. Each type of extracellular vesicles may carry different protein content, which may act as signaling molecules, and in addition, genetic material, e.g., miRNA, RNA fragments, or circular RNA. Among the proteins, the tetraspanins such as CD63 and CD81 are primarily found in all types of vesicles. However, several types of pathological conditions have shown variation in the expression of tetraspanins compared to healthy individuals. Similarly, RNA expression levels or the presence of a specific type of miRNA corresponds to a particular pathology. All these findings suggested that EVs can be utilized as an innovative and powerful tool in diagnosing or prognosis of any disease.
Remarkable knowledge of biosynthesis of EVs has been discovered since the last decade, which is currently improving the nomenclature of EVs such as exosomes of the endosomal origin or plasma membrane-derived. Furthermore, it could help distinguish EVs from their parent cells. Such as EVs derived from the brain tissues - mainly neuronal or astrocytic origin, or brain vascular endothelial origin; such EVs can be identified and purified from the peripheral blood circulation. This discovery of brain-derived EVs from circulating peripheral blood is undoubtedly an excellent achievement for neuroscience to improve brain pathologies' most challenging early diagnosis.
The brain is protected in the bony skull, and at all times a continuous two-way access to the brain is circulating blood via the blood-brain barrier, which is selectively permeable. However, EVs released by brain tissues are detected in blood circulation or cerebrospinal fluid, which is the most plausible feature of EVs. Extensive work has been done and is still ongoing to study the biogenesis and function of neuronal exosomes and their role in pathological conditions. However, it is still challenging to separate neuronal exosomes from the heterogeneous population of EVs in circulating blood.
Several known brain pathologies that cause long-term disabilities followed by death include stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, dementia, sclerosis, schizophrenia, brain cancer, and many mental disorders. Unfortunately, the early diagnosis and post-treatment prognosis of brain pathologies are challenging because of poor accessibility to the brain. Thus, the characterization of neuronal-derived EVs has emerged as a better hope to investigate brain pathologies for the early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. For example, several known neuronal markers in EVs predict that they may determine the early diagnosis of stroke.
The main goal of this research topic is to explore the biophysical characterization and separation techniques of brain-derived EVs from the plasma or serum samples. Also, to study their relationship with pathological brain conditions and clinical investigations to build a platform for early diagnosis and prognosis of brain pathologies.
This research topic highlights the impact of Brain-derived EVs in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain pathologies. Authors are encouraged to submit their original work contributing to the following sections:
1. Isolation and enrichment techniques of Brain-derived EVs (mainly Neuronal, astrocytic, brain endothelial) from serum or plasma samples.
2. Brain-derived EVs demonstrate an early diagnosis of brain pathologies, such as tumors, stroke, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Dementia, injuries, and any other brain pathologies.
3. Determine the relationship between brain-derived EVs in pathological conditions with clinical findings such as CT scans or MRI, and biochemical markers during treatment, rehabilitation, and recovery to establish disease prognosis
All types of cells have been shown to release extracellular vesicles, which are originated from different subcellular origins, mainly known from their independent sources, i.e., plasma membrane, late endosomes, lysosomes, or combination of endosome-lysosomes. Each type of extracellular vesicles may carry different protein content, which may act as signaling molecules, and in addition, genetic material, e.g., miRNA, RNA fragments, or circular RNA. Among the proteins, the tetraspanins such as CD63 and CD81 are primarily found in all types of vesicles. However, several types of pathological conditions have shown variation in the expression of tetraspanins compared to healthy individuals. Similarly, RNA expression levels or the presence of a specific type of miRNA corresponds to a particular pathology. All these findings suggested that EVs can be utilized as an innovative and powerful tool in diagnosing or prognosis of any disease.
Remarkable knowledge of biosynthesis of EVs has been discovered since the last decade, which is currently improving the nomenclature of EVs such as exosomes of the endosomal origin or plasma membrane-derived. Furthermore, it could help distinguish EVs from their parent cells. Such as EVs derived from the brain tissues - mainly neuronal or astrocytic origin, or brain vascular endothelial origin; such EVs can be identified and purified from the peripheral blood circulation. This discovery of brain-derived EVs from circulating peripheral blood is undoubtedly an excellent achievement for neuroscience to improve brain pathologies' most challenging early diagnosis.
The brain is protected in the bony skull, and at all times a continuous two-way access to the brain is circulating blood via the blood-brain barrier, which is selectively permeable. However, EVs released by brain tissues are detected in blood circulation or cerebrospinal fluid, which is the most plausible feature of EVs. Extensive work has been done and is still ongoing to study the biogenesis and function of neuronal exosomes and their role in pathological conditions. However, it is still challenging to separate neuronal exosomes from the heterogeneous population of EVs in circulating blood.
Several known brain pathologies that cause long-term disabilities followed by death include stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, dementia, sclerosis, schizophrenia, brain cancer, and many mental disorders. Unfortunately, the early diagnosis and post-treatment prognosis of brain pathologies are challenging because of poor accessibility to the brain. Thus, the characterization of neuronal-derived EVs has emerged as a better hope to investigate brain pathologies for the early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. For example, several known neuronal markers in EVs predict that they may determine the early diagnosis of stroke.
The main goal of this research topic is to explore the biophysical characterization and separation techniques of brain-derived EVs from the plasma or serum samples. Also, to study their relationship with pathological brain conditions and clinical investigations to build a platform for early diagnosis and prognosis of brain pathologies.
This research topic highlights the impact of Brain-derived EVs in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain pathologies. Authors are encouraged to submit their original work contributing to the following sections:
1. Isolation and enrichment techniques of Brain-derived EVs (mainly Neuronal, astrocytic, brain endothelial) from serum or plasma samples.
2. Brain-derived EVs demonstrate an early diagnosis of brain pathologies, such as tumors, stroke, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Dementia, injuries, and any other brain pathologies.
3. Determine the relationship between brain-derived EVs in pathological conditions with clinical findings such as CT scans or MRI, and biochemical markers during treatment, rehabilitation, and recovery to establish disease prognosis
