T cell regulation by the environment

Naïve T cells get activated upon encounter with their cognate antigen and differentiate into a specific subset of effector cells. These T cells are themselves plastic and are able to re-differentiate into another subset, changing both phenotype and function. Differentiation into a specific subset depends on the nature of the antigen and of the environmental milieu. Notably, certain nutrients, such as sodium chloride, vitamins A, D and E, have been shown to modulate T cell responses and can influence T cell differentiation. Parasite infection can also skew Th differentiation. Similarly,the key role of the gut microbiota on the development of immune responses has been demonstrated. Lastly, glucose and metabolism also controls T cell activation. Hence, this series of articles will highlight the multiple links existing between environmental factors and T cell responses.