About this Research Topic

Background

Everyone knows the utility of rotary systems for harnessing and converting energy. The energy of flowing water is captured on a small scale by waterwheels and on a large scale by turbines in hydroelectric dams. Wind energy is captured on a small scale by windmills and on a large scale by extensive wind farms. In 1973 Howard Berg shocked the scientific world by claiming that bacteria swim by rotating rigid helical filaments. Experiments soon proved him right. That breakthrough ushered in almost fifty years of subsequent research in which it has been found that rotating molecular motors are ubiquitous in living organisms. This issue presents a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art knowledge about biological rotary nanomotors.

Bacteria mastered the capture of the potential energy of ions flowing across the cell membrane to rotate motors that drive a number of different processes in the cell billions of years ago. First discovered was the propulsion of swimming bacteria. A decade later Paul Boyer suggested that the F0F1 ATP synthase (and ATPase) is a rotary device, and that was shown to be true. ATP synthesis in almost all organisms depends on an F0F1 ATP synthase, which was inherited from bacteria by archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (with a more distant 'cousin' in A 0A 1 . Gliding bacteria also use rotary motors for propulsion, and rotary motors in the cell membrane drive the transport of large substrates across the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The rotation of the helical filaments of the archaella is driven by ATP hydrolysis, not an ion motive force, but they still rotate and are associated with the cell membrane. All of these different systems will be discussed in this issue in reviews written by the researchers who made the discoveries.

The specific topics that will be discussed are as follows: bacterial flagella (Pushkar Lele, editor); archaella(Mike Manson, editor); bacterial gliding motors (Beiyan Nan, editor); the Tol and Ton outer membrane transport systems (Mike Manson, editor); the FoF1 ATPase (Tom Duncan, editor). Jun Liu will serve as the cryo-EM/structural expert responsible for reviewing all of the structural work in the topics just outlined. The reviews are not intended to be comprehensive discussions of the literature in the respective areas but rather be designed to make the reader familiar with the most recent advances and to present perspectives about how research on each topic is likely to unfold over the next several decades.

This issue is dedicated to two great scientists who have been an inspiration to me, and who fostered my career in academic research. The first is Howard Berg, who made rotation in the biological world respectable. Howard had the audacity and insight to publish, together with Robert Anderson, “Bacteria swim by rotating their flagellar filaments” in Nature in October 1973. Rotation at the nanoscale was welcomed into the biological world, and my decision of where to do my postdoctoral studies was made. Rotating flagella have been the focus of my research for 46 years since I joined the Berg lab in 1975. The second is the late Timothy Hall, who as Head of the Department of Biology at Texas A&M University hired me to begin my independent academic career in January 1987. I remained in that Department for 32 years until my retirement in January 2019. It is in Tim’s memory that the Texas A&M Department of Biology has offered to sponsor this issue of Frontiers in Microbiology devoted to the current state of knowledge about rotary biological nanomotors. - Professor Michael D Manson

Keywords: ATP Synthase, bacteria, archaea, rotary motors, flagella, archaella, gliding motors, FoF1 ATPase, energy-coupled outer membrane transport

Important note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Frequently asked questions

• What is a Research Topic?

  Frontiers' Research Topics are collaborative hubs built around an emerging theme.Defined, managed, and led by renowned researchers, they bring communities together around a shared area of interest to stimulate collaboration and innovation.

  Unlike section journals, which serve established specialty communities, Research Topics are pioneer hubs, responding to the evolving scientific landscape and catering to new communities.

• Why does Frontiers publish Research Topics? 

  The goal of Frontiers' publishing program is to empower research communities to actively steer the course of scientific publishing. Our program was implemented as a three-part unit with fixed field journals, flexible specialty sections, and dynamically emerging Research Topics, connecting communities of different sizes and maturity.

  Research Topics originate from the scientific community. Many of our Research Topics are suggested by existing editorial board members who have identified critical challenges or areas of interest in their field.

• Why are Research Topics important for journals?

  As an editor, Research Topics will help you build your journal, as well as your community, around emerging, cutting-edge research. As research trailblazers, Research Topics attract high-quality submissions from leading experts all over the world.

  A thriving Research Topic can potentially evolve into a new specialty section if there is sustained interest and a growing community around it.

• How do we ensure the quality of articles within Research Topics?

  Each Research Topic must be approved by the specialty chief editor, and it falls under the editorial oversight of our editorial boards, supported by our in-house research integrity team. The same standards and rigorous peer review processes apply to articles published as part of a Research Topic as for any other article we publish.

  In 2023, 80% of the Research Topics we published were edited or co-edited by our editorial board members, who are already familiar with their journal's scope, ethos, and publishing model. All other topics are guest edited by leaders in their field, each vetted and formally approved by the specialty chief editor.

• What are the benefits of publishing my article in a Research Topic?

  Publishing your article within a Research Topic with other related articles increases its discoverability and visibility, which can lead to more views, downloads, and citations. Research Topics grow dynamically as more published articles are added, causing frequent revisiting, and further visibility.

  As Research Topics are multidisciplinary, they are cross-listed in several fields and section journals – increasing your reach even more and giving you the chance to expand your network and collaborate with researchers in different fields, all focusing on expanding knowledge around the same important topic.

  Our larger Research Topics are also converted into ebooks and receive social media promotion from our digital marketing team.

   
• What types of articles can be published in a Research Topic?

  Frontiers offers multiple article types, but it will depend on the field and section journals in which the Research Topic will be featured. The available article types for a Research Topic will appear in the drop-down menu during the submission process.

  Check available article types here 

• Can I suggest a new Research Topic? 

  Yes, we would love to hear your ideas for a topic. Most of our Research Topics are community-led and suggested by researchers in the field. Our in-house editorial team will contact you to talk about your idea and whether you’d like to edit the topic. If you’re an early-stage researcher, we will offer you the opportunity to coordinate your topic, with the support of a senior researcher as the topic editor. 

  Suggest your topic here 

• Who leads a Research Topic? 

  A team of guest editors (called topic editors) lead their Research Topic. This editorial team oversees the entire process, from the initial topic proposal to calls for participation, the peer review, and final publications.

  The team may also include topic coordinators, who help the topic editors send calls for participation, liaise with topic editors on abstracts, and support contributing authors. In some cases, they can also be assigned as reviewers.

• What is the role of a topic editor?

  As a topic editor (TE), you will take the lead on all editorial decisions for the Research Topic, starting with defining its scope. This allows you to curate research around a topic that interests you, bring together different perspectives from leading researchers across different fields and shape the future of your field. 

   

  You will choose your team of co-editors, curate a list of potential authors, send calls for participation and oversee the peer review process, accepting or recommending rejection for each manuscript submitted.

• What support will I receive when editing a new Research Topic? 

  As a topic editor, you're supported at every stage by our in-house team. You will be assigned a single point of contact to help you on both editorial and technical matters. Your topic is managed through our user-friendly online platform, and the peer review process is supported by our industry-first AI review assistant (AIRA).

• As a junior researcher, can I be involved in editing a Research Topic? 

  If you’re an early-stage researcher, we will offer you the opportunity to coordinate your topic, with the support of a senior researcher as the topic editor. This provides you with valuable editorial experience, improving your ability to critically evaluate research articles and enhancing your understanding of the quality standards and requirements for scientific publishing, as well as the opportunity to discover new research in your field, and expand your professional network.

• Can I get a certificate for editing a Research Topic?

  Yes, certificates can be issued on request. We are happy to provide a certificate for your contribution to editing a successful Research Topic.

• Who will I collaborate with?

  Research Topics thrive on collaboration and their multi-disciplinary approach around emerging, cutting-edge themes, attract leading researchers from all over the world.

• How long does it take to publish a Research Topic?

  As a topic editor, you can set the timeline for your Research Topic, and we will work with you at your pace. Typically, Research Topics are online and open for submissions within a few weeks and remain open for participation for 6 – 12 months. Individual articles within a Research Topic are published as soon as they are ready.

  Find out more about our Research Topics

• What fee support is available to authors publishing in a Research Topic?

  Our fee support program ensures that all articles that pass peer review, including those published in Research Topics, can benefit from open access – regardless of the author's field or funding situation.

  Authors and institutions with insufficient funding can apply for a discount on their publishing fees. A fee support application form is available on our website.

• Will there be a printed version of my Research Topic?

  In line with our mission to promote healthy lives on a healthy planet, we do not provide printed materials. All our articles and ebooks are available under a CC-BY license, so you can share and print copies.