Neural Substrates of Avian Spatial Cognition

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Summary of the different subdivisions proposed for birds hippocampal formation (schematic redrawing). (A–E) Domestic chicks; (F–J) Pigeons; (K,L) Zebra finches; (M) Side view of a rodent brain, showing the hippocampal organization along the dorsoventral axis (depicted in green). (N) Side view of an avian brain, showing the hippocampal organization along the anteroposterior axis. Hp, hippocampus; CDL, area corticoidae dorsolateralis; DM, dorsomedial; DL, dorsolateral; DLd, dorsal portion of the dorsolateral hippocampal formation; DLv, ventral portion of the dorsolateral hippocampal formation; V, ventral; VL, ventrolateral; VC, ventrocentral; VM, ventromedial; Vl, ventrolateral; Vm, ventromedial; APH, parahippocampal area; APHre, ectopic part of the rostral area parahippocampalis; APHl, lateral parahippocampal area; APHil, lateral part of the intermediate parahipocampal area; APHim, medial part of the intermediate; APHm, medial parahippocampal area; Po, cell-poor region of the hippocampal formation; PHiA, parahipp area, apical; PHiL2, parahipp area, lat 2; PHiL1, parahipp area, lat 1; PHiI, parahipp area, intermed; PHiM, parahipp area, medial; Hi1, hippocampus proper part 1; Hi2, hippocampus proper part 2; DGP, dentate gyrus primordium; Tr, triangular region of the V-shaped hippocampal layer; ll, lateral layer of the V-shaped hippocampal layer; ml, medial layer of the V-shaped hippocampal layer; Ma, magnocellular region of the hippocampal formation; Pa, parvocellular region of the hippocampal formation; SPf, Substance P-immunoreactive nucleus; CL, intermediate corticoid area; HA, apical hyperpallium; PHc, central field of the parahippocampus; CF, crescent field; HCl, lateral hippocampus; and HCm, medial hippocampaus.
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Original Research
08 July 2022
Regional Patterning of Adult Neurogenesis in the Homing Pigeon’s Brain
Julia Mehlhorn
4 more and 
Christina Herold

In the avian brain, adult neurogenesis has been reported in the telencephalon of several species, but the functional significance of this trait is still ambiguous. Homing pigeons (Columba livia f.d.) are well-known for their navigational skills. Their brains are functionally adapted to homing with, e.g., larger hippocampi. So far, no comprehensive mapping of adult neuro- and gliogenesis or studies of different developmental neuronal stages in the telencephalon of homing pigeons exists, although comprehensive analyses in various species surely will result in a higher understanding of the functional significance of adult neurogenesis. Here, adult, free flying homing pigeons were treated with 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label adult newborn cells. Brains were dissected and immunohistochemically processed with several markers (GFAP, Sox2, S100ß, Tbr2, DCX, Prox1, Ki67, NeuN, Calbindin, Calretinin) to study different stages of adult neurogenesis in a quantitative and qualitative way. Therefore, immature and adult newborn neurons and glial cells were analyzed along the anterior–posterior axis. The analysis proved the existence of different neuronal maturation stages and showed that immature cells, migrating neurons and adult newborn neurons and glia were widely and regionally unequally distributed. Double- and triple-labelling with developmental markers allowed a stage classification of adult neurogenesis in the pigeon brain (1: continuity of stem cells/proliferation, 2: fate specification, 3: differentiation/maturation, 4: integration). The most adult newborn neurons and glia were found in the intercalated hyperpallium (HI) and the hippocampal formation (HF). The highest numbers of immature (DCX+) cells were detected in the nidopallium (N). Generally, the number of newborn glial cells exceeded the number of newborn neurons. Individual structures (e.g., HI, N, and HF) showed further variations along the anterior–posterior axis. Our qualitative classification and the distribution of maturing cells in the forebrain support the idea that there is a functional specialization, respectively, that there is a link between brain-structure and function, species-specific requirements and adult neurogenesis. The high number of immature neurons also suggests a high level of plasticity, which points to the ability for rapid adaption to environmental changes through additive mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss a possible influence of adult neurogenesis on spatial cognition.

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Non-human animals tend to solve behavioral tasks using local information. Pigeons are particularly biased toward using the local features of stimuli to guide behavior in small-scale environments. When behavioral tasks are performed in large-scale environments, pigeons are much better global processors of information. The local and global strategies are mediated by two different fovea in the pigeon retina that are associated with the tectofugal and thalamofugal pathways. We discuss the neural mechanisms of pigeons’ bias for local information within the tectofugal pathway, which terminates at an intermediate stage of extracting shape complexity. We also review the evidence suggesting that the thalamofugal pathway participates in global processing in pigeons and is primarily engaged in constructing a spatial representation of the environment in conjunction with the hippocampus.

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9 citations
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Original Research
04 February 2022

For the epic journey of autumn migration, long-distance migratory birds use innate and learned information and follow strict schedules imposed by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, the details of which remain largely unknown. In addition, bird migration requires integrated action of different multisensory systems for learning and memory, and the hippocampus appears to be the integration center for this task. In previous studies we found that contrasting long-distance migratory flights differentially affected the morphological complexity of two types of hippocampus astrocytes. Recently, a significant association was found between the latitude of the reproductive site and the size of the ADCYAP1 allele in long distance migratory birds. We tested for correlations between astrocyte morphological complexity, migratory distances, and size of the ADCYAP1 allele in three long-distance migrant species of shorebird and one non-migrant. Significant differences among species were found in the number and morphological complexity of the astrocytes, as well as in the size of the microsatellites of the ADCYAP1 gene. We found significant associations between the size of the ADCYAP1 microsatellites, the migratory distances, and the degree of morphological complexity of the astrocytes. We suggest that associations between astrocyte number and morphological complexity, ADCYAP1 microsatellite size, and migratory behavior may be part of the adaptive response to the migratory process of shorebirds.

3,273 views
9 citations
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