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Review
20 April 2021
Advances in Genome Editing and Application to the Generation of Genetically Modified Rat Models
Vanessa Chenouard
5 more and 
Ignacio Anegon
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The rat has been extensively used as a small animal model. Many genetically engineered rat models have emerged in the last two decades, and the advent of gene-specific nucleases has accelerated their generation in recent years. This review covers the techniques and advances used to generate genetically engineered rat lines and their application to the development of rat models more broadly, such as conditional knockouts and reporter gene strains. In addition, genome-editing techniques that remain to be explored in the rat are discussed. The review also focuses more particularly on two areas in which extensive work has been done: human genetic diseases and immune system analysis. Models are thoroughly described in these two areas and highlight the competitive advantages of rat models over available corresponding mouse versions. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the advantages and potential of rat models for addressing specific scientific questions and to characterize the best genome-engineering tools for developing new projects.

14,281 views
33 citations
Review
19 February 2021

CRISPR/Cas9 system genome editing is revolutionizing genetics research in a wide spectrum of animal models in the genetic era. Among these animals, is the poultry species. CRISPR technology is the newest and most advanced gene-editing tool that allows researchers to modify and alter gene functions for transcriptional regulation, gene targeting, epigenetic modification, gene therapy, and drug delivery in the animal genome. The applicability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in gene editing and modification of genomes in the avian species is still emerging. Up to date, substantial progress in using CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been made in only two poultry species (chicken and quail), with chicken taking the lead. There have been major recent advances in the modification of the avian genome through their germ cell lineages. In the poultry industry, breeders and producers can utilize CRISPR-mediated approaches to enhance the many required genetic variations towards the poultry population that are absent in a given poultry flock. Thus, CRISPR allows the benefit of accessing genetic characteristics that cannot otherwise be used for poultry production. Therefore CRISPR/Cas9 becomes a very powerful and robust tool for editing genes that allow for the introduction or regulation of genetic information in poultry genomes. However, the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has several limitations that need to be addressed to enhance its use in the poultry industry. This review evaluates and provides a summary of recent advances in applying CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in poultry research and explores its potential use in advancing poultry breeding and production with a major focus on chicken and quail. This could aid future advancements in the use of CRISPR technology to improve poultry production.

38,716 views
30 citations
Review
08 January 2021
Improvements in Gene Editing Technology Boost Its Applications in Livestock
Iuri Viotti Perisse
3 more and 
Irina A. Polejaeva

Accelerated development of novel CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques provides a feasible approach to introduce a variety of precise modifications in the mammalian genome, including introduction of multiple edits simultaneously, efficient insertion of long DNA sequences into specific targeted loci as well as performing nucleotide transitions and transversions. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for introducing genome alterations in livestock species. The list of new CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tools is constantly expanding. Here, we discuss the methods developed to improve efficiency and specificity of gene editing tools as well as approaches that can be employed for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of two primary methods used for the production of gene-edited farm animals: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT or cloning) and zygote manipulations will be discussed. Furthermore, we will review agricultural and biomedical applications of gene editing technology.

28,132 views
53 citations
Original Research
07 September 2020
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8,484 views
26 citations