AUTHOR=Kaiser Keone , Walters Simon , Sheehy Kevin , Murray Eoin , Spencer Kirsten TITLE=Implementing the technology shift from 2D to 3D: insights and suggestions for umpire educators JOURNAL=Frontiers in Virtual Reality VOLUME=5 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2024.1368648 DOI=10.3389/frvir.2024.1368648 ISSN=2673-4192 ABSTRACT=

Effective methods to improve decision-making in sports officiating, particularly with the current and ongoing issues with in-person training, means new remote training methods must be developed. Traditional training of officials occurs primarily as “in-person coaching” at matches, with supporting training manuals and 2D broadcast analysis. However, live matches present difficulties in implementation, while manuals and 2D broadcast videos may not sufficiently ensure learning transfers to real situations. Due to its ease of use, first-person perspective, and ability to analyze live and post-event remotely, 360° virtual reality video technology (360° VR) offers an alternative technological solution for developing decision-making accuracy for sports officials across multiple sports. This study sought to assess the ecological validity (EV) of using 360° VR technology to enable remote teaching of decision-making. Decision-making quality and accuracy in softball umpires were similar when using 360° VR and the traditional method (2D broadcast footage), but 360° VR received significantly higher EV values than the 2D broadcast videos. In addition, interviewed participants expressed excitement about using 360° VR to augment traditional umpiring manuals and rulebooks. The results show that 360° VR has the potential to enhance or replace traditional remote learning methods for decision-making in softball umpires and allow softball learning to reach a much wider umpire audience.