Acclimatization response to a short-term heat wave during summer in lactating Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cows

Aristide Maggiolino^1*Lucrezia Forte¹Alessandra Aloia¹Umberto Bernabucci²Erminio Trevisi³Cristina Lecchi⁴Fabrizio Ceciliani⁴Geoffrey E. Dahl⁵Pasquale De Palo¹

• ¹Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
• ²Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Lazio, Italy
• ³Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
• ⁴Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Lombardy, Italy
• ⁵University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States

Dairy cows are highly susceptible to heat stress, raising concerns about animal welfare, production efficiency, and economic losses. Previous studies suggest that Holstein and Brown Swiss breeds exhibit different levels of thermal tolerance, but their short-term adaptive responses require further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate breed-specific physiological and productive responses to a 4-day natural heat wave in 40 lactating cows (20 Holstein, 20 Brown Swiss) from the same commercial dairy farm, homogeneous for days in milk, body condition score, parity, and energy-corrected milk yield. Before the heat-wave, cows experienced at least 48 hours in thermoneutral conditions. Physiological parameters were recorded three times daily (4:00 AM, 3:00 PM, and 8:00 PM). Blood samples were collected before the heat wave (D1, 4:00 AM, thermoneutral conditions) and at the warmest moment of the fourth day (D4, 3:00 PM, heat stress conditions). The heat-wave negatively impacted physiological parameters in both breeds. Rectal temperature increased daily from 4:00 AM to 3:00 PM (P < 0.01), with Holstein cows showing consistently higher values than Brown Swiss (P < 0.01). Respiration rate reached its lowest point at 4:00 AM each day (P < 0.01) but remained elevated at 8:00 PM, despite decreasing THI, indicating accumulated heat load. While both breeds followed a similar trend, Holsteins exhibited a greater capacity for overnight recovery compared to Brown Swiss. Regarding productivity, Brown Swiss cows maintained stable milk yield (MY) from D1 to D4, whereas Holsteins showed a progressive MY decline throughout the heat wave (P < 0.01). Most blood parameters showed no significant breed differences (P > 0.05), but heat shock protein 70, a key regulator of thermal adaptation, exhibited an increasing trend in both breeds (P < 0.01), appearing earlier than other physiological indicators of heat stress. This study, conducted under identical conditions, highlights distinct breed-specific responses to short-term heat stress. The findings suggest that Brown Swiss cows may be more resilient to heat stress in terms of productivity, while Holsteins show better nighttime recovery. Further research should explore additional physiological and molecular markers to better characterize breed differences and improve heat stress mitigation strategies in dairy farming.