Observation of the Pes Region of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) through Imaging Techniques: Computed Tomography, 3D Reconstruction Render Volume CT, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Ultrasonography

Mohamed Abumandour ^1* Hazem Hamoda ² Fahmy Gad Elsaid ³ Mamdouh Eldesoqui ⁴ Mai A. AL-Mosaibih ⁵ Eman Fayad ⁶ Mohamed K. Hussein ⁷ Mohamed A. Hamed ⁸ Foad Farrag ⁹ Mustafa Shukry ¹⁰ Mohamed Kamel Abdelmegeid ¹¹ Abanoub T. Yousef ² Ahmed Elolimy ^12*

• ¹ Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
• ² Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Aswan, Egypt
• ³ Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
• ⁴ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• ⁵ Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• ⁶ Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
• ⁷ Department of food hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
• ⁸ Department of surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
• ⁹ Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt
• ¹⁰ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
• ¹¹ Veterinary Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah Men’s Campus, United Arab Emirates, Sharjah Men’s Campus, United Arab Emirates
• ¹² College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, AlAin, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Our investigations utilized computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US) to provide detailed anatomical information on the Pes region of a onehumped camel, with a particular focus on 3D reconstruction render volume CT (3DVR-CT). This research utilized sixteen Pes regions of adult male Camelus dromedaries aged 8-10 years. The CT revealed a vertical bony septum completely dividing the internal medullary cavity of the fused large metatarsal bones along the fusion line, except for their distal 1 /5 portion, where the septum is absent. The MRI identified the fetlock joint's ligaments, involving the axial and abaxial collateral, collateral sesamoidean, and palmar ligaments. Ultrasonography demonstrated that the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) had higher echogenicity than the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) at all imaging technique levels, with the SDFT paratendon looking hyperechoic, differentiating it from the SDFT and the suspensory ligament. Our application of CT and MRI imaging techniques revealed that the Manica flexoria and distal sesamoid bone were not observed. The sole appears as a layer of low signal intensity, and the digital cushion has a heterogeneous high signal intensity on the MRI images. Finally, the evaluation of anatomic regions in Camelus dromedaries can now be done with the help of CT, MRI, and ultrasonography with 3DVR-CT, which greatly improves the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of conditions and allows for the interpretation of some clinical diseases in the Pes region. These techniques with 3DVR-CT techniques can be valuable for veterinary clinicians and researchers studying camel anatomy and pathology.