Aftab Siddique ^1* Sudhanshu S. Panda ² Sophia Khan ¹ Seymone T. Dargan ¹ Savana Lewis ¹ India Carter ¹ Jan A. Van Wyk ³ Ajit K. Mahapatra ¹ Eric R. Morgan ⁴ Thomas H. Terrill ¹

• ¹ Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia, United States
• ² University of North Georgia, Oakwood, United States
• ³ University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
• ⁴ Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

There has been a growing focus on the well-being and health of small ruminants, particularly in relation to anemia induced by blood-feeding gastrointestinal parasites like Haemonchus contortus. The objective of this study was to assess the packed cell volume (PCV) levels in blood samples from small ruminants, specifically goats, and create an efficient biosensor for more convenient, yet accurate detection of anemia for on-farm use for animal production. The study encompassed 75 adult male Spanish goats, which underwent PCV testing to ascertain their PCV ranges and their association with anemic conditions. Using AI ML algorithms, an advanced, easy-to-use sensor was developed for alerting farmers as to low red blood cell count of their animals, in this way to enable timely medical intervention. The developed sensor utilizes a semi-invasive technique that requires only a small blood sample. More precisely, a volume of 30 µL of blood was placed onto Whatman filter paperNo. 1 soaked with anhydrous glycerol. The blood dispersion pattern on the glycerolinfused paper was then recorded using a smartphone after 180 seconds. Subsequently, these images were examined in correlation with established PCV values obtained from conventional PCV analysis. Four separate machine learning models (ML)supported models, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), and image classification based Keras model, were created and assessed using the image dataset. The dataset consisted of 1,054 images that were divided into training, testing and validation sets in a 70:20:10 ratio. The initial findings indicated a detection accuracy of 76.06% after only 10 epochs for recognizing different levels of PCV in relation to anemia, ranging from healthy to severely anemic. This testing accuracy increased markedly, to 95.8% after 100 epochs and other model parameters optimization. Results for SVM had an overall F1-score of 74% to 100% in identifying the PCV range for blood pattern images representing healthy to severely anemic animals, and BPNN showed 91-100% accuracy in identifying the PCV range for anemia detection. This work demonstrates that AI-driven biosensors can be used for on-site rapid anemia detection. This sensor will allows farmers with decision making to increase animal well-being.