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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Zoological Medicine
Volume 11 - 2024 |
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1483922
A comprehensive epidemiological approach documenting an outbreak of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b among gulls, terns, and harbor seals in the Northeastern Pacific
Provisionally accepted- 1 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, United States
- 2 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
- 3 Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, United States
- 4 Center Valley Animal Rescue, Quilcene, Washington, United States, Quilcene, United States
- 5 Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
- 6 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States
- 7 EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
- 8 West Coast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, United States
- 9 Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, United States
The authors sincerely thank the Editor and reviewers for a thorough and helpful review! We appreciate your time and efforts in reviewing our manuscript, and your review and suggested changes have improved our manuscript significantly. Thank you! Please see below for responses to all comments and our associated changes to the manuscript, figures, and supplemental materials. Again, thank you very much for your reviews! Independent Review Report, Reviewer 1 This report details an outbreak of HPAI throughout a tern colony and across species, following the outbreak in great detail and in near real time. It provides rare and valuable insight into an HPAI outbreak as it unfolds, within a larger ecological context than it is generally feasible to capture. This report helps to highlight the different pathology and disease dynamics of even closely related species (gulls and terns) and underscores the need to do more of these sorts of detailed analyses. The authors also report on the avian to mammalian spillover of birds to seals and provide additional insights toward understanding this important and still poorly understood transmission pathway. Appropriate methodology was used to conduct these studies and perform analyses, and the data interpretation is well supported and reasoned. Both the importance and the inherent limitations of the study are well conveyed within the text and discussion. The topic matter and data presented should be of interest to a wide range of readers.-Thank you for these comments!
Keywords: Gull, Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI H5N1), H5N1 2.3.4.4b, marine mammals, harbor seal, tern
Received: 20 Aug 2024; Accepted: 09 Oct 2024.
Copyright: © 2024 Haman, Pearson, Brown, Frisbie, Penhallegon, Falghoush, Wolking, Torrevillas, Taylor, Snekvik, Tanedo, Keren, Ashley, Clark, Lambourn, Eckstrand, Edmonds, Rovani-Rhoades, Oltean, Wilkinson, Fauquier, Black and Waltzek. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Katherine H. Haman, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, United States
Justin Brown, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, United States
Lauren A. Frisbie, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, United States
Sara Penhallegon, Center Valley Animal Rescue, Quilcene, Washington, United States, Quilcene, United States
Azeza M. Falghoush, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
Rebecca M. Wolking, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
Brandi K. Torrevillas, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
Kyle R. Taylor, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
Kevin R. Snekvik, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
Sarah A. Tanedo, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, United States
Ilai N. Keren, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, United States
Casey T. Clark, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, United States
Steven E. Edmonds, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
Emma R. Rovani-Rhoades, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
Hanna Oltean, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, United States
Kristin Wilkinson, West Coast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, United States
Deborah Fauquier, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, United States
Allison Black, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, United States
Thomas B. Waltzek, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington, United States, Pullman, United States
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