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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Anesthesiology and Animal Pain Management
Volume 11 - 2024 |
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1408103
Intranasal vs intramuscular administration of azaperone, midazolam and ketamine in pigs
Provisionally accepted- 1 Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2 Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
Objective: To compare the efficacy of intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) administrations of azaperone (3 mg kg-1), midazolam (0.3 mg kg-1) and ketamine (7 mg kg-1) combination (AMK) in pigs. Study design: Randomized clinical trial. Animals: sixteen adult male pigs, immunocastrated, of mixed lineage. Methods: In phase I, these animals were randomly assigned to intranasal (GIN, n = 8) and intramuscular (GIM, n = 8) groups for arterial blood sample collection at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after AMK administrations for gas and electrolyte analysis. In phase II, performed one week after phase I, the 16 pigs were allocated to both groups (GIM, n = 16 / GIN, n = 16) and submitted to the same chemical restraint (CR) protocol, with a 96-hour interval between administrations. Behavioral parameters (degree of CR, muscle relaxation, loss of postural reflex and sound stimulus response) and vital parameters (pulse rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and rectal temperature) were evaluated after recumbency (Trec) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes after administrations. In addition, the latency period and duration of CR were determined. Results: Latency to recumbency and duration of CR in GIN were shorter. CR scores did not vary between groups. Muscle relaxation was more intense in GIN at Trec. An initial tachycardia was observed, followed by a reduction in heart rate from T5 to T90 in both treatments (p < 0.05). The respiratory rate was higher at T45, T60 and T90 in GIN compared to baseline. Rectal temperature reduced in GIM from T45 onwards. PaCO2 elevated at T90 in the GIM (p < 0.05) and there was an incidence of mild hypoxemia in 47% of the animals in the GIM. Conclusions and clinical relevance: IN administration was as effective as IM administration in promoting safe chemical restraint, with minimal changes in homeostasis, with a shorter duration and latency period.
Keywords: Tranquilizers, Benzodiazepines, Chemical restraint, animal model, Anesthesia
Received: 27 Mar 2024; Accepted: 09 Sep 2024.
Copyright: © 2024 Peixoto Rabelo, de Andrade Gujanwski, Silva Viana, Barroco De Paula, Rein, Peixoto Rabelo and Valadao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Isabela Peixoto Rabelo, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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