Xiaolian Chen†
Pingwen Xiong†Wenjing SongQiongli SongZhiheng Zou
Jiangnan HuangJiang Chen
Chuanhui XuWeide SuGaoxiang AiQipeng Wei*- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
Introduction: Honeycomb is a traditional natural health medicine and has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor activities. It is currently unclear whether honeycomb extract supplementation has positive effects on the intensive farming laying duck production. This study aims to evaluate the effects of honeycomb extracts on the laying performance, egg nutritional and flavor quality, serum biochemical indexes, and antioxidant and immune status in laying ducks.
Methods: A total of 672 healthy 28-week-old Shanma laying ducks with similar laying performance and body weight were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 28 birds. The birds in each treatment were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 45 days. Laying performance, egg quality, egg nutrition and flavor quality, serum parameters were assessed.
Results: The results showed that compared with the control group, honeycomb extracts addition significantly increased the average daily feed intake but did not affect the other laying performance indexes, egg quality or serum biochemical indexes of laying ducks. Dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts significantly increased crude protein content and decreased the contents of cholesterol and trimethylamine in eggs. Diets supplemented with 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts significantly improved egg total amino acids and flavor amino acids contents, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids composition and enhanced the serum antioxidant activity and immune functions of ducks.
Discussion: Duck eggs are rich in nutrients and a valuable source of high-quality food for human, while they are rarely consumed directly by consumers because of their stronger fishy odor and lower sensory quality. Many studies have showed that the influence of dietary supplementation on egg components. This study indicated that dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts positively reduced the contents of egg cholesterol and trimethylamine, improve egg amino acids contents and fatty acid profiles, enhanced serum antioxidant and immune status of laying ducks. The recommended supplemental level of honeycomb extracts was 1.5 g/kg in the diet of laying ducks.
1. Introduction
Poultry eggs are one of the most common palatable and nutritional food. Duck eggs are rich in protein and amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins, which provide a valuable source of high-quality nutrients for human food and health. However, fresh duck eggs are rarely consumed directly by consumers because of their stronger fishy odor and lower sensory quality, which closely related to the egg nutrition components. With the rapid development of economy and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, people put forward higher quality requirements for nutritional and health quality of eggs. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the nutrition and health quality of duck eggs.
Egg amino acids are the most ideal source of high-quality protein in natural foods and are easily absorbed and utilized. At the same time, amino acids contribute notably to taste and flavor of eggs. Generally, the types of amino acids can be divided into several categories according to their taste characteristics, and flavor amino acids mainly include aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine acid, alanine acid, tyrosine acid and phenylalanine acid (1, 2). Egg fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are important in poultry production for improving the health and productivity of birds, and are useful for improving cardiovascular health and cognitive function of human. Many studies have showed that the influence of dietary supplementation of vegetable seeds and oils, fish oil and natural antioxidants on the fatty acids composition of eggs (3–6). Another way to improve the health quality of eggs is through reducing the content of cholesterol and trimethylamine (TMA). Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the regulation of embryonic development and membranes function, but there is a growing consensus that elevated levels of blood cholesterol is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in human (7). Consumers regard eggs as a high-cholesterol dietary product, marketing trends in the egg industry begin to turn their attention toward improving the health quality of eggs through reducing the cholesterol content in eggs. Previous studies have confirmed TMA is a major component that causes fishy odor of duck eggs (8). TMA production is closely associated with genetics, diet and gut microbiota (9, 10). Tian et al. (1) found that microbial fermented feed could reduce the TMA content of duck eggs.
In addition, laying ducks are very susceptible to the adverse consequences of stress in the commercial large-scale intensive production (11), which further reduce feed efficiency and cause immunosuppression and nutrient malabsorption (12). The decreased antioxidant and immune capacity subsequently decreased the potential production capacity. A growing evidence indicates that most of stresses in caged laying ducks production are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection (13). There has been a tendency towards using antioxidant supplementation, especially from natural sources to maintain high productive and reproductive performances and health of commercial intensive farming birds.
A large number of evidences indicated that duck production performance and egg components could be influenced by the diets of birds (14, 15). Honeycomb is a bee byproduct and a natural health care medicine and rich in flavonoids, polyphenols and polysaccharides (16–18), which have been shown to have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor activities (19). Traditional and folk medicines were long ago shown to have many beneficial attributes as they could use phenol groups to scavenge free radicals and relieve the oxidative stress common to many diseases (20). Xu et al. (21) reported that wasp honeycomb extract can reduce free radical oxidation and infiltration in gastric tissue and protect rats from gastric injury caused by acidified ethanol. Many previous research results have showed that bee byproducts, such as honey (22), propolis (23, 24), and pollen (25), in the animal diet has a positive effect on performance and health.
Because of its beneficial effects on animal production, antioxidant activity and other physiological mechanisms (26), honeycomb has attracted much attention in the poultry industry. However, very limited information on honeycomb extracts in animal husbandry is available. We observed that honeycomb extracts could improve growth performance, carcass traits, immune function, serum antioxidant capacity and intestinal microorganisms in broilers (27). It is crucial to increase laying performance, promote immunity, suppress inflammation, and even improve egg nutritional quality in laying fowl. It is currently unclear whether honeycomb extract supplementation has positive effects on the intensive farming laying duck production. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts on the laying performance, nutrition and flavor quality, serum biochemical indexes, immune and antioxidant status of laying ducks. The research results will provide a theoretical basis and reference for further utilization of honeycomb to improve food safety and quality.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Sample preparation
The honeycombs from a bee farm were dried, ground and extracted by ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction using 60% ethanol at 50°C for 30 min with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:30 (g/mL). The liquid honeycomb extracts were concentrated and freeze-dried to obtain honeycomb extracts powder. The honeycomb extracts contain 12.68 mg/g of total flavonoids, 5.3 mg/g of polysaccharides and 108.8 mg/g of polyphenols.
2.2. Ducks, diets, and management
A total of 672 healthy 28-week-old Shanma laying ducks with similar laying performance and body weight (1.24 ± 0.02 kg) were chosen. After a one-week adaptation period, all ducks were randomly distributed into 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment group and 28 ducks per replicate. The basal diet without honeycomb extracts was used as a control group, and three increasing concentrations of honeycomb extracts, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg, were added to basal diet for the experimental groups. The experimental honeycomb extracts and premix are pre-mixed well into a homogeneous mixture. The basal diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of egg duck (GB/T 41189-2021, China). The ingredients and chemical composition of the basal diet is presented in Table 1. The birds were housed in three-layer galvanized separate cages (20 cm wide × 38 cm deep × 38 cm tall, one bird per cage) and were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. The birds were vaccinated and managed according to the breed standards. The light program consisted of 16:8 light: darkness cycle through a 45-d experimental period.
Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of the basal diet (air dry basis).
2.3. Laying performance
Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily, and feed consumption was recorded weekly per replicate. The average daily feed intake, laying rate, average egg weight, average daily egg yield, feed-to-egg ratio and qualified egg rate were calculated. The laying rate was calculated as the number of eggs produced/number of laying ducks × 100. The feed-to-egg ratio was calculated as total feed consumption/total egg weight × 100. The qualified egg rate was calculated as the number of total qualified eggs excluding defects/number of total eggs × 100.
2.4. Egg quality
Four eggs per replicate (a total of 24 eggs from each treatment) were collected and analyzed on day 45 for egg physical quality. Eggshell strength was measured on the vertical axis by a compression tester (EFG-0503, Robotmation, Tokyo, Japan). Eggshell thickness was measured by a micrometer and calculated as the average value of measurements at three points on the eggs (blunt end, equator, and sharp end). The egg shape index was determined by a caliper with the least count of 0.01 mm and was represented by the ratio of egg length to width. Egg yolk color, Haugh unit and albumen height were analyzed by an Egg Multi-tester (EMT-5200, Robotmation Tokyo, Japan). The yolk and albumen were isolated and weighed to calculate their percentages of egg weight. The measurements of the above indicators were completed within 48 h after laying.
2.5. Egg nutrition and flavor quality
Four eggs per replicate were chosen for chemical analysis on day 45. The crude protein and moisture of egg were measured according to AOAC methods (28). An improved method for cholesterol determination was used by HPLC as previously described (29). The TMA contents were determined with the colorimetric method described by Li et al. (9). The amino acid content and fatty acid profiles of the eggs were analyzed as described by Cullere et al. (30).
2.6. Serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant, and immune status
At 45 days of the experimental period, after 8 h of starvation, blood samples were taken from the wing vein from 2 ducks per replicate of each group. Standing at room temperature for one hour, serum was separated by centrifugation at 3,000 × g for 15 min and stored at −20°C for serum biochemical parameter analysis. Serum concentrations of albumin (23), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (31), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and glucose (32), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined with commercial kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). The immune function indexes, including immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, IgM, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were determined using commercial ELISA kits (Beijing Sino-UK Institute of Biological Technology, Beijing, China).
2.7. Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). The significance of mean differences between groups was made by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple range test. A dietary treatment replicate was used as the experimental unit for laying performance, and an egg or a duck in each replicate was selected as the experimental unit for egg physicochemical traits or serum parameters, respectively. The results are presented as the means with standard errors (SEM). Statistical differences were considered significant at 5% level (p < 0.05).
3. Results
3.1. Laying performance
The effects of dietary honeycomb extract supplementation on the laying performance of laying ducks are shown in Table 2. Compared with the control group, the laying ducks fed diets containing 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg honeycomb extracts showed significantly increased average daily feed intake (p < 0.05), while the average egg weight, average daily egg weight, feed to egg ratio and qualified egg rate were not affected by the dietary treatments (p > 0.05).
Table 2. Effects of dietary honeycomb extracts on the laying performance of laying ducks.
3.2. Egg quality
The effects of supplementation with different level honeycomb extracts on the egg physical quality of laying ducks are shown in Table 3. No significant differences were observed in yolk color, albumen height, Haugh unit, egg shape index, eggshell strength and thickness, or percentage of yolk and albumen among groups (p > 0.05).
Table 3. Effects of dietary honeycomb extracts on the physical quality of eggs from laying ducks.
3.3. Egg nutrition and flavor quality
Table 4 shows the effect of dietary honeycomb extracts on egg proximate composition and contents of cholesterol and TMA. The moisture content of eggs from ducks receiving a diet containing 0.5 g/kg honeycomb extract supplementation was significantly lower than that of eggs from ducks in the control group (p < 0.05). The crude protein content of eggs increased with the level of honeycomb extract added and was significantly different from the control when the level of honeycomb extract was 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg. Cholesterol and TMA were linearly decreased by supplementation with honeycomb extracts; these indexes were significantly lower in all experimental treatments than in the control (p < 0.05).
Table 4. Effects of honeycomb extracts on the proximate composition and cholesterol and trimethylamine contents of duck eggs.
The effects of honeycomb extracts on the amino acid profile of duck eggs are presented in Table 5. Dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts significantly increased the contents of total amino acids, flavor amino acids, cystine, valine and histidine (p < 0.05). There were no differences among the groups in the threonine, glycine and lysine contents of eggs (p > 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts significantly increased the contents of alanine, isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine in the eggs of ducks (p < 0.05). The content of proline was significantly lower in the eggs of ducks receiving the diet containing 0.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts than in those from ducks receiving the control diet (p < 0.05).
Table 5. Effects of honeycomb extracts on the amino acid profile of duck eggs (%).
As shown in Table 6, compared with the control diet, supplementation with honeycomb extracts led to a decrease in the proportion of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and C10:0, C14:0, C16:0 and C20:0 in eggs (p < 0.05). Supplementation with honeycomb extract significantly increased the total unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and C18:1, C18:3n3 and C22:2 contents in eggs (p < 0.05).
Table 6. Effects of honeycomb extracts on the fatty acid of duck eggs (%).
3.4. Serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant, and immune status
As presented in Table 7, dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts did not affect serum biochemical parameters (p > 0.05). The activity of serum SOD was higher in the laying ducks fed the honeycomb extract diet than in those in the control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the GSH-Px activity or MDA content of ducks receiving the honeycomb extract diet (p > 0.05). The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were significantly higher in ducks fed a 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extract diet than in those in the control group (p < 0.05). The levels of serum IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α showed a significant linear response (p < 0.05) to supplementation with honeycomb extracts; overall, these levels were significantly lower in ducks consuming the 0.5–1.5 g/kg honeycomb extract diets than in those in the control group (p < 0.05).
Table 7. Effects of honeycomb extracts on serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant and immune indexes of laying ducks.
4. Discussion
In recent years, green and high-efficiency traditional Chinese medicine extracts feed additives as natural growth promoters have attracted broad interest in the poultry industry. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary honeycomb extracts on the laying performance, egg nutrition and flavor quality and blood parameters of laying ducks. The results showed that dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts had no significant effects on the average egg weight, average daily egg weight, feed to egg ratio and qualified egg rate of laying ducks but increased the average daily feed intake of laying ducks and did not affect egg physical quality, such as yolk color, Haugh unit, and shell thickness. In general, Chinese medicine extracts, especially those rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, are well-known to improve the health and egg production of poultry (33, 34). Zhou et al. (35) showed that dietary flavonoid supplementation with 3 mg/kg increased the laying rate, average egg weight and the feed conversion ratio. Other studies reported that supplementation with flavonoids and phenolic acids had no effect on egg production and egg weight (36, 37). Iskender et al. (32) reported that dietary flavonoids and phenolic acids have no effect on poultry production in either laying performance or eggshell quality. These inconsistent results might be due to different types of extracts, poultry and diets. Because of the limited studies on the effect of honeycomb extracts on animals, further study is still necessary.
Duck eggs are rich in nutrients and contain all essential amino acids required in the human diet. Although duck eggs are more nutrient dense than chicken eggs, the higher cholesterol content and fishy odor limit their consumption as table eggs (9, 38). The chemical composition of eggs can be modified through dietary manipulation. As an example, omega-3 fatty acid levels in eggs can be elevated by feeding diets rich in omega-3 fatty acid sources, such as canola oil, soybean oil, flaxseed and walnut (14, 39). In the present study, compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts significantly increased the egg crude protein content and significantly decreased the moisture, cholesterol and TMA contents. Cholesterol is an important metabolite of cell membrane structure and myelin, a precursor of steroid hormones and play a vital role in biological functions (40). However, changes in plasma cholesterol levels have been found to be directly related to cardiovascular disease events in young adults (41). Therefore, decreasing the cholesterol concentration of eggs can improve egg nutritional quality and market competitiveness, which is beneficial to human health. The cholesterol-decreasing effect of flavonoids may be linked to the inhibition of hydroxy-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, the first step enzyme in cholesterol synthesis (42–44), the biological effect could be related to the chemical structure of flavonoids (45).
The TMA in eggs usually comes from dietary sources, TMA precursors, such as lecithin, betaine and carnitine, and choline-rich feed (31). Dietary choline and TMA precursors can be metabolized by intestinal microorganisms to form TMA (46). In the present study, compared with the control diet, supplementation with honeycomb extracts significantly decreased the TMA concentration. The decrease in TMA might be because supplementation with honeycomb extracts inhibited related microorganisms from cleaving choline into TMA; however, the exact reasons and mechanisms need to be further investigated.
Total UFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs increased with increasing dietary honeycomb extract levels in the current study. As shown in Table 6, the dietary honeycomb extracts significantly decreased the contents of the total SFAs in the eggs of ducks. In previous studies, both in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that SFAs can activate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, leading to insulin resistance (47). Other studies also demonstrated that SFAs indeed can activate Toll-like receptor 4-(TLR4-) and TLR2-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and consequently increase the risk of insulin resistance (48). In addition, previous studies indicated that PUFAs such as docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4) play vital roles in brain development during infancy (49), and adenoma cells are highly susceptible to PUFA-induced apoptosis (50). Some studies also showed that replacing saturated fat with monounsaturated fat is efficacious at reducing the total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (51). In the present study, the contents of C16:1, C18:1, C18:3n3, C22:2 and total UFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs in eggs of ducks were significantly increased. Which can prevent unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane from being oxidized.
Moreover, dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts significantly increased the contents of total amino acids and flavor amino acids. The results verified that honeycomb extract could improve the nutritional value of duck eggs. This possibly due to honeycomb extracts can increase antioxidant potential and might take part in the amino acids metabolic signaling pathways and regulate gene expression (52). However, the exact molecular mechanism of this effect remains obscure. This suggests that further work is still needed to evaluate the specific mechanism of honeycomb extracts to ascertain their efficacy. Our observations were consistent with Li et al. (53), who found that feeding of anthocyanins from purple corn extract could improve flavor amino acids content in eggs compared to the control group.
Honeycomb, as a natural product, has many beneficial attributes, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Khodabakhshi et al. (54) reported that the antimicrobial activity of honeycomb extract is attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, which show antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and might improve the health of animals. Other studies also reported that honeycomb extract application may serve as a method for treating inflammatory diseases by reducing inflammation and free oxygen radical production (19). In the present study, blood analysis suggested that the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM in the honeycomb extract treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the levels of serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly lower in ducks consuming honeycomb extract diets than in those in the control group, suggesting that honeycomb extracts could modulate humoral immunity in ducks. The mechanism by which honeycomb extract enhanced immune functions is likely to depend on the synergistic action between the flavonoids, the phenolic acids in honeycomb extracts, and positively charged amino groups of chitosan, resulting in a reduction in bacterial growth (55).
Serum SOD activity was higher in laying ducks fed the honeycomb extract diet than in laying ducks fed the control diet in the current study. Some studies have shown that supplementation with flavonoids in poultry diets significantly enhanced serum antioxidant ability (4). Wang et al. (56) reported that supplementation with flavonoids in broiler chicken diets resulted in a significant increase in the level of reduced glutathione in the liver. Guo et al. (57) reported that flavonoids have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, which have been shown to prevent low-density lipoprotein peroxidation induced by copper ions. The mechanism by which honeycomb extract protect against reactive oxygen species is likely to be the inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity, which significantly prevents the formation of free radicals (58). However, the most important antioxidant mechanisms of honeycomb extracts are the repairability of the DNA damage caused by free radicals and the effect of scavenging reactive oxygen species in tissues, as well as the degradation properties of the signal cascade that causes lipid peroxidation (59, 60).
5. Conclusion
This study indicated that supplementation with 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts increased crude protein, improved fatty acid composition, enhanced contents of total amino acid and flavor amino acid and decreased contents of cholesterol and TMA in eggs. Moreover, the serum antioxidant and immune status was also improved by supplementation of honeycomb extracts. Therefore, honeycomb extracts may be used in the feed of laying ducks to improve fatty acid composition and amino acid content and reduce cholesterol and TMA in eggs, which is beneficial to health and egg flavor.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The animal studies were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science (2010-JXAAS-XM-01). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.
Author contributions
XC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft. PX: Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft. WSo: Investigation, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft. QS: Software, Writing – original draft. ZZ: Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. JH: Validation, Writing – review & editing. JC: Writing – review & editing. CX: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis. WSu: Writing – review & editing. GA: Data curation, Writing – review & editing. QW: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by Jiangxi Province Key Research and Development Program (20224BBF62003), the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China (CARS-42-43) and Jiangxi Province Modern Agricultural Poultry Industry Technical System of China (JXARS-09).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The reviewer JC declared a shared affiliation with the authors to the handling editor at the time of review.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: honeycomb extracts, laying performance, nutritional and flavor quality, antioxidant function, immune function, laying duck
Citation: Chen X, Xiong P, Song W, Song Q, Zou Z, Huang J, Chen J, Xu C, Su W, Ai G and Wei Q (2023) Dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts positively improved egg nutritional and flavor quality, serum antioxidant and immune functions of laying ducks. Front. Vet. Sci. 10:1277293. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1277293
Edited by:
Chunhe Wan, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ChinaReviewed by:
Yuefeng Gao, Henan University of Science and Technology, ChinaJun Chen, Jiangxi Agricultural University, China
Liping Gan, Henan University of Technology, China
Copyright © 2023 Chen, Xiong, Song, Song, Zou, Huang, Chen, Xu, Su, Ai and Wei. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Qipeng Wei, weiqp66@sina.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship