AUTHOR=Silva Welligton Conceição da , Silva Jamile Andréa Rodrigues da , Gouveia Júnior Amauri , de Alvarenga Adriano Braga Brasileiro , Barbosa Antônio Vinícius Correa , Silva Éder Bruno Rebelo da , Pereira dos Santos Maria Roseane , Lourenço-Júnior José de Brito , Camargo Júnior Raimundo Nonato Colares , Silva André Guimarães Maciel e 

TITLE=A new proposal for the use of the focal animal technique in buffaloes in the Eastern Amazon

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1266451

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2023.1266451

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=<p>This study aims to present a proposal for using the focal animal recording technique to evaluate the welfare of buffaloes and to verify the association between each behavior and thermal comfort indices. The study was conducted in an experimental paddock located in Santarém, Pará, Brazil. A total of 10 female Murrah animals were used. The behavior of the animals was recorded during the day, with the use of three trained observers, for 72 consecutive h. Climatic variables were collected, and the Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) and the practical Buffalo Comfort Climatic Conditions Index (BCCCIp) were determined. The multivariate technique of principal components and Spearman’s correlation were employed. BCCCIp and THI were outside the thermal comfort zone at different times of the day. Grazing (P) was more frequent in the coldest hours of the day, while rumination occurred at different periods, mainly during the daytime and frequently in a lying position. There was a positive correlation between idle lying behavior and average temperature—Tmed (<italic>r</italic> = 0.583; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.028), THI (<italic>r</italic> = 0.432; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.034), and BCCCIp (<italic>r</italic> = 0.554; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.049). There was a positive correlation between grazing and Tmed (<italic>r</italic> = 0.665; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0004) and BCCCIp (<italic>r</italic> = 0.583; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.036). The standing idle behavior negatively correlated with Tmed (<italic>r</italic> = −0.718; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001), THI (<italic>r</italic> = −0.522; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.008), and BCCCIp (<italic>r</italic> = −0.8076; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0008). The lying ruminating behavior had a positive correlation with Tmed (<italic>r</italic> = 0.586; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.002), THI (<italic>r</italic> = 0.477; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.018), and BCCCIp (<italic>r</italic> = 0.8033; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0009). Furthermore, ruminating while standing correlated positively with Tmed (<italic>r</italic> = 0.680; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0003). The adaptation of the focal animal technique, with six observers evaluating each animal for 6 min through filming, proved to be efficient in pointing out the different behaviors of buffalo raised in Eastern Amazon fields under heat stress at different times of the day.</p>