AUTHOR=Werner Melanie , Weeger Jasmin , Hörner-Schmid Lina , Weber Karin , Palić Jelena , Shih Jonathan , Suchodolski Jan S. , Pilla Rachel , Schulz Bianka 

TITLE=Comparison of the respiratory bacterial microbiome in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1148849

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2023.1148849

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>While feline chronic bronchitis (CB) is known as neutrophilic bronchial inflammation (NI), feline asthma (FA) is defined as an eosinophilic airway inflammation (EI). Feline chronic bronchial disease refers to both syndromes, with similar clinical presentations and applied treatment strategies. Recent studies described alterations of the microbiota composition in cats with FA, but little is known about the comparison of the lung microbiota between different types of feline bronchial disease. The study aimed to describe the bacterial microbiota of the lower respiratory tracts of cats with FA and CB and to identify potential differences.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Twenty-two client-owned cats with FA (<italic>n</italic> = 15) or CB (<italic>n</italic> = 7) confirmed <italic>via</italic> bronchoalveolar-lavage (BALF)-cytology were included. Next-generation sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes was performed on bacterial DNA derived from BALF samples. QIIME was used to compare microbial composition and diversity between groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Evenness and alpha-diversity-indices did not significantly differ between cats with FA and CB (Shannon <italic>p</italic> = 0.084, Chao 1 <italic>p</italic> = 0.698, observed ASVs <italic>p</italic> = 0.944). Based on a PERMANOVA analysis, no significant differences were observed in microbial composition between animals of both groups (Bray-Curtis metric, <italic>R</italic>-value 0.086, <italic>p</italic> = 0.785; unweighted UniFrac metric, <italic>R</italic>-value −0.089, <italic>p</italic> = 0.799; weighted Unifrac metric, <italic>R</italic>-value −0.072, <italic>p</italic> = 0.823). Regarding taxonomic composition, significant differences were detected for <italic>Actinobacteria</italic> on the phylum level (<italic>p</italic> = 0.026), <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> spp. (<italic>p</italic> = 0.048), and <italic>Acinetobacteria</italic> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.049) on the genus level between cats with FA and CB, with generally strong interindividual differences seen. There was a significant difference in the duration of clinical signs before diagnosis in animals dominated by <italic>Bacteriodetes</italic> (median 12 months, range 2–58 months) compared to animals dominated by <italic>Proteobacteria</italic> (median 1 month, range 1 day to 18 months; <italic>p</italic> = 0.003).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions and relevance</title><p>Lung microbiota composition is very similar in cat populations with spontaneous FA and CB besides small differences in some bacterial groups. However, with disease progression, the lung microbiome of cats with both diseases appears to shift away from dominantly <italic>Proteobacteria</italic> to a pattern more dominated by <italic>Bacteriodetes</italic>. A substantial proportion of cats tested positive for <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> spp. <italic>via</italic> sequencing, while none of them tested positive using classical PCR.</p></sec>