AUTHOR=Elghandour Mona M. M. Y. , Acosta-Lozano Néstor , Alvarado Tonantzin Díaz , Castillo-Lopez Ezequias , Cipriano-Salazar Moises , Barros-Rodríguez Marcos , Inyang Udoh Akpan , Purba Rayudika Aprilia Patindra , Salem Abdelfattah Z. M. 

TITLE=Influence of Azadirachta indica and Cnidoscolus angustidens aqueous extract on cattle ruminal gas production and degradability in vitro

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1090729

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2023.1090729

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Mitigation of ruminant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is crucial for more appropriate livestock production. Thus, there is a need of further research evaluating feed supplementation strategies to mitigate enteric GHG emissions and other gases produced within the rumen.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>This study was conducted as a completely randomized experimental design to determine the effectiveness of liquid extracts from <italic>A. indica</italic> (AZI), <italic>C. angustidens</italic> (CNA), or their combination (Mix. 1:1) at dosages of 0, 36, 72, and 108 mg of liquid extract/g DM substrate incubated in reducing GHG production <italic>in vitro</italic>, particularly methane (CH4), from the diet of steers during anaerobic incubation in rumen fluid. Total gas production, CH4, CO, H2S, and fermentative characteristics were all measured <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Treatment AZI at a dose of 108 mg of liquid extract/g DM substrate produced the highest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) gas volume at 6 h, whereas CNA at a dose of 72 mg of liquid extract/ g DM substrate produced the least (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) at 6 and 24 h, and Mix. at a dose of 72 mg of liquid extract/g DM substrate produced the least (P &lt; 0.05) at 48 h. In addition, CH4 levels at 6 and 24 h of incubation (36 mg/g DM substrate) were highest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) for CNA, and lowest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) for AZI, whereas this variable was lowest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) at 72 mg of liquid extract for CNA at 24 and 48 h. At 6 and 24 h, CO volume was highest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) for AZI at 108 mg of liquid extract and lowest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) for Mix. at 72 mg of liquid extract. Treatment Mix. had a high (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) concentration of short chain fatty acids at 72 mg of liquid extract/g DM of substrate.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>In general, herbaceous perennial plants, such as AZI and CNA, could be considered suitable for mitigating enteric GHG emissions from animals. Specifically, the treatment Mix. achieved a greater sustainable reduction of 67.6% in CH4 and 47.5% in H2S production when compared to either AZI. This reduction in CH4 might suggest the potential of the combination of both plant extracts for mitigating the production of GHG from ruminants.</p></sec>