Anyaphat Srithanasuwan
Noppason Pangprasit
Witaya Suriyasathaporn1,3*- 1Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- 2Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- 3Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
The objectives of this study were determined by two experiments including Experiment 1 (EXP1) using Streptococcus uberis obtained from a weekly longitudinal study to compare virulence patterns between transient and persistent intramammary infection (IMI), and Experiment 2 (EXP2) using a stored-known-appearance PFGE strain of a contagious S. uberis to determine a change of virulence patterns after long-term transmission. For EXP1, quarter milk samples from 31 milking cows were aseptically and longitudinally collected once a week for 10 weeks. A total of 14 S. uberis isolates from quarters with 1 and >4 weeks of duration of IMI were categorized as transient and persistent IMI, respectively. For EXP2, 11 isolates of a stored-known-appearance PFGE strain of S. uberis from our previous study (1) were randomly selected, including 5 from transient IMI (1 month) and 6 from persistent IMI (>1 month). The virulence profiles of all isolates were investigated, including sua, hasAB, hasC, gapC, pauA, and CAMP factor or cfu, using PCR. The Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to calculate the duration of IMI in EXP1. Approximately 50% of field S. uberis IMI was spontaneously cured within 1 week, while 25% was not cured within 10 weeks. From EXP1, 4 virulence patterns were found in 14 isolates. The majority of patterns for transient S. uberis did not include hasAB (63.6%), the gene relating to capsule formation. Regardless of transient or persistent IMI, a high similarity of the virulence pattern within a PFGE strain was found in EXP2. Few changes of virulence pattern within a PFGE strain were found or were related to its subsequently changing to transient IMI.
Introduction
Mastitis is a costly disease in the dairy industry. Several factors influence the development of mastitis, including bacterial virulence and quantity of invading microbes, udder defense efficiency, and environmental risk factors. Being a bacterial disease, mastitis can self or spontaneously cure as a result of the udder defense mechanisms (1). Based on the intramammary infection (IMI) duration before their spontaneous cures, mastitis appears as up to 1 and >1 month of IMI duration, the so-called transient and persistent IMI, respectively (2), in which a persistence longer than 2 months is termed chronic (1, 3). Streptococcus uberis is a common environmental mastitis pathogen, but many molecular studies indicate contagious transmission (1, 4). Contagious pathogens, such as Streptococcus agalactiae, more frequently appear as persistent IMI than other environmental mastitis-causing bacteria (5). In contrast, environmental S. uberis strains cause transient IMI, although contagious S. uberis strains may appear as transient IMI, persistent IMI, or both (1).
The great diversity of mastitis severity outcomes is thought to be due largely to the host (1, 3, 6). For S. uberis mastitis, some studies support the existence of specific persistent strains (2) whereas others do not, leading to the suggestion that cow factors rather than strains determine the duration of infection (2). Our previous study hypothesized both theories, as some S. uberis PFGE strains appeared separately, but some specific strains are both transient and persistent IMI, suggesting that the appearance was dependent on udder immune efficiency during IMI (1). Several putative virulence-associated genes of S. uberis causing mastitis were described (7), for example, resistance to phagocytosis conferred by a hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule (hasAB+hasC) (8), plasminogen activator proteins such as PauA (9), adherence and invasion to mammary epithelial cells mediated by SUAM (10), CAMP factor or cfu (7), and a surface dehydrogenase protein gapC (11). Several recent studies demonstrate the presence of virulence factors affecting pathogenicity and growth (12–16). However, the study on virulence factor patterns associated with transient or persistent S. uberis IMI has not been reported. In addition, for contagious S. uberis, changes in virulence factors in long-term transmission into other quarters or cows were hypothesized. Therefore, two studies were carried out including Experiment 1 (EXP1) using S. uberis obtained from a weekly longitudinal study to compare virulence patterns of 7 virulence factor genes, including sua, hasAB, hasC, gapC, pauA, and cfu of S. uberis between transient and persistent IMI, and Experiment 2 (EXP2) using a stored-known-appearance PFGE strain of a contagious S. uberis to determine a change of the virulence patterns after long-term transmission.
Methods
Sources of Streptococcus uberis Isolates
EXP1 was performed using a small dairy herd with high bulk somatic cell count (>1,000,000 cells/ml) and highly infected with S. uberis including 12 of 31 cows (38.7%) from 18 of 124 quarters as previously investigated by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. After the farm selection, all quarter milk samples of all 31 milking cows were aseptically weekly longitudinally collected for bacterial identification for 10 weeks from September to November 2020. Bacterial identification was performed according to the National Mastitis Council (NMC) guideline. Samples with >3 species were excluded due to environmental contamination. Regardless of their clinical appearance, all quarters with S. uberis IMI were included in the study. An IMI episode was determined when S. uberis was first detected and continuously identified until its spontaneous cure. A quarter was considered to be spontaneously cured when continuous S. uberis samples were not presented in 14 days or 2 weeks later (17). The Kaplan–Meier estimates (18) were used to calculate the duration of S. uberis IMI. Time for a spontaneous cure began at the time S. uberis IMI was first detected and continued until S. uberis was cured spontaneously. Cases where only the starting point of infection was known, because the infection remained at the end of the study or it was ended early due to drying off, culling, or antibiotic treatment, were censored. The S. uberis isolates were randomly selected from quarters with 1 and >4 weeks of IMI duration, as transient and persistent episodes according to Pullinger et al. (2). The selected isolates were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) and stored at −80°C until use.
For EXP2, 11 stored-known-appearance PFGE strains of a contagious S. uberis, identified as PFGE type A as in the study of Leelahapongsathon et al. (1), were randomly selected and obtained from the −80°C stored bacteria container, including 5 isolates with 1-month IMI duration, and re-determined as transient episodes. Six isolates with >1 month of IMI duration were then determined as persistent episodes according to Pullinger et al. (2). In February 2021, all selected S. uberis isolates (n = 25) for both EXP1 and EXP2 were grown in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB; HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) and incubated overnight at 37°C. Genomic DNA was extracted using a Genomic DNA purification kit (Bio-Helix Co., Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan) and stored at −20°C until use.
Molecular Analysis
All selected isolates confirmed cpn60 gene (housekeeping gene) of S. uberis using conventional PCR (19). The seven primer pairs used for PCR amplification and the annealing temperatures are shown in Table 1. For PCR, the reaction mixture (25 μl) had a final concentration of 1× KOD OneTM PCR master Mix containing 1.25 U of Taq DNA polymerase (TOYOBO Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and 0.4-μM concentrations of each forward and reverse primer, approximately 100 ng of genomic DNA, and DNase-free water. The PCRs to amplify target genes were as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 10 s and annealing for 5 s, extension at 68°C for 10 s, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The presence of PCR products was determined by electrophoresis of the reaction product in 1.5% agarose gel (Bio Basic Inc., Markham, ON, Canada) and using a 1.5-kb DNA ladder as a molecular marker.
Table 1. Primer sequences.
Results
For the 10-week field investigation in EXP1, 5 out of 31 cows were dried before the end of the study. Among the total of 1,141 milk samples, 221 samples from 74 quarters of 31 cows were infected with S. uberis including 90 new IMI ranging from 1 to 10 weeks with 25% of censor cases. A Kaplan–Meier curve on the duration of S. uberis IMI is shown in Figure 1. Approximately 50% of S. uberis IMI spontaneously cured within 1 week, while 25% was not spontaneously cured within 10 weeks. Fourteen S. uberis isolates were randomly selected including 1-week IMI as a transient episode (n = 11) and >4 weeks of IMI (n = 3) from 4, 6, and 9 consecutive weeks as persistent episodes for analysis of their virulence factor patterns. For EXP2, the 6 persistent episodes included two isolates from episodes with 2-month duration and each isolate from episodes with 3-, 5-, 6-, and 10-month duration.
Figure 1. Kaplan—Meier survival curve of duration of field Streptococcus uberis IMI observed during a 10-weeks period.
From all 25 S. uberis isolates of both EXP1 (n = 14) and EXP2 (n = 11), 5 patterns based on the seven virulence factors are shown in Table 2. The virulence factor hasC was present in all isolates in this study. From EXP1, four virulence factor patterns were found from 14 isolates, indicating variation of virulence patterns for S. uberis. In contrast to persistent IMI, the majority of patterns for transient S. uberis did not include hasA together with hasB or hasAB (63.6%), as shown in patterns I and II. Pattern III as sua+hasA+hasB+hasC+gapC+pauA+cfu was a pattern for persistent IMI but also found in transient IMI. From EXP2, a high similarity of the virulence pattern within a PFGE strain was found. Pattern III of S. uberis PFGE type A accounted for 81.8 including 60, and 100% for transient and persistent IMI, respectively. Few changes in virulence pattern (18.2%) to patterns IV (n = 1) and V (n = 1) were found and were related to their subsequently transient IMI appearance.
Table 2. Virulence patterns of Streptococcus uberis obtained from a weekly longitudinal study in experiment 1 (EXP1) and from a stored-known-appearance PFGE strain of a contagious S. uberis in experiment 2 (EXP2) between transient and persistent intramammary infection (IMI).
Discussion
Because both farms used as sources of EXP1 and EXP2 were smallholder dairy farms with a high prevalence S. uberis mastitis, they might not be the representative farms in some circumstances. Therefore, the implications of our results must be carefully considered. From EXP1, spontaneous cure rates at 50 within 1 week and 75% within 10 weeks of S. uberis were higher and shorter than those at 50% within 10 months as reported in our previous study (22). However, both S. uberis IMI durations were in the range of IMI duration reported in many studies, for example, 50 to 260 days in a UK study (2), 1 to 309 days in a Dutch study (23), and 1 to 370 days in a US study (19). Within a week, 50% of spontaneous cures occurred, as in the transient cases in this study (Figure 1), which might indicate that most cases of S. uberis in this study were not contagious and likely arise from the cows' environment, as found in most studies (24–26).
Our previous molecular study showed that environmental S. uberis had a high rate and short duration of spontaneous cure (1). All 25 S. uberis isolates were confirmed by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene as a useful tool for more precise identification of streptococci in bovine milk (7). From EXP1, patterns I and II, the patterns without hasAB gene, the essential genes for capsule formation (27) were mostly found for transient S. uberis IMI. This finding on virulence patterns I and II in transient S. uberis was supported by Ward and Field (8), who demonstrated that the absence of the complete hasA+hasB+hasC or hasABC or a capsule was considered to reduce virulence with a consequent reduction in resistance to the bactericidal action of neutrophils. The disruption of hasA or hasC gene resulted in the incomplete cessation of HA capsule development (8, 20). In this study, the virulence pattern with the presence of cfu gene was found only in transient S. uberis IMI. Previous studies have been reported that beta-hemolysin or cytolysins can promote invasion of host cells and also induce inflammatory responses and apoptosis by inducing the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (28, 29). Our finding was consistent with the study by Sagar et al. (30) who demonstrated that the non-hemolytic Streptococcus strains were able to survive in significantly higher numbers than the hemolytic strains and may contribute to the increased intracellular persistence. However, the study about hemolytic ability in the udder environment was very limited. Pattern III was the only virulence pattern found in the persistent S. uberis isolates. The major virulence patterns in EXP1 S. uberis, patterns III and IV, were also found to be the most common virulence patterns in Argentina (7). The virulence genes found in pattern III, sua+hasABC+gapC+pauA, encode virulence factors that promote essential mechanisms for survival. There was adhesion to/invasion of host tissue, evasion of the immune response, internalization in the mammary gland cells, and survival in the host environment, suggesting that S. uberis with this pattern may be more virulent and have a greater probability of contributing to chronic infection.
EXP2 was the first to determine virulence factor patterns between transient and persistent IMI of contagious S. uberis strains in the same PFGE type. The use of PFGE was verified to be a highly discriminatory method for detecting differences in strains of S. uberis (31). These S. uberis PFGE type A strains were categorized into a wide range of duration of infection where spontaneous cure was possible depending on host defense capacity (1). Most virulence patterns in this PFGE type were pattern III (81.8%) with some different gene profiles (18.2%; patterns IV and V), and the latter was found only in their transient IMI. Our finding was supported by the recent DNA microarray or PCR studies indicating similar virulence gene profiles in isolates with the same sequence type (32–34). These different gene profiles in the same genotype might relate to the reprogramming of the virulence genes by the udder environment (35). In addition, the different gene profiles in the same genotype might relate to the limitation of the discriminatory power of PFGE (36). However, pattern III appeared to be the majority in both transient (60%) and persistent IMI (100%), indicating that the udder immune response might play a role in their appearances (1).
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study showed variability of virulence patterns for S. uberis. Based on samples from a dairy farm, transient IMI of S. uberis (63.6%) mostly had no capsule formation gene (hasABC). A representative of a contagious S. uberis PFGE strain showed a high similarity of virulence patterns with few changes relating to subsequent transient IMI. However, the majority of virulence patterns in this strain appeared in both transient and persistent IMI, indicating that the udder immune response might play a role in their appearances.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
AS and WS contributed to conception and design of the study and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. AS and NP organized the database. WS revised the final draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This research was funded by the Royal Golden Jubilee (RGJ) Ph.D. Programme (Grant number: 5.VS.CM/61/D.1).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
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Keywords: virulence factor, persistent intramammary infection, transient intramammary infection, Streptococcus uberis, mastitis
Citation: Srithanasuwan A, Pangprasit N and Suriyasathaporn W (2022) Comparison of Virulence Patterns Between Streptococcus uberis Causing Transient and Persistent Intramammary Infection. Front. Vet. Sci. 9:806674. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.806674
Received: 01 November 2021; Accepted: 14 February 2022;
Published: 18 April 2022.
Edited by:
Domenico Vecchio, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy (IZSM), ItalyReviewed by:
Maria Filippa Addis, University of Milan, ItalyPaola Cremonesi, Italian National Research Council, Italy
Copyright © 2022 Srithanasuwan, Pangprasit and Suriyasathaporn. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Witaya Suriyasathaporn, suriyasathaporn@hotmail.com