AUTHOR=Ali Rehman , Ahmad Nisar , Mussarat Sakina , Majid Abdul , Alnomasy Sultan F. , Khan Shahid Niaz 

TITLE=Nanoparticles as Alternatives for the Control of Haemonchus contortus: A Systematic Approach to Unveil New Anti-haemonchiasis Agents

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.789977

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2021.789977

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic> is an infectious gastrointestinal nematode parasite of small ruminants. This study addresses the <italic>in vitro</italic>/<italic>in vivo</italic> anti-haemonchiasis potential, toxicological effects, and mechanism of action of nanoparticles. Online databases were used to search and retrieve the published literature (2000 to 2021). A total of 18 articles were selected and reviewed, out of which, 13 (72.2%) studies reported <italic>in vitro</italic>, 9 (50.0%) <italic>in vivo</italic>, and 4 (22.2%) both <italic>in vitro</italic>/<italic>in vivo</italic> efficacy of different nanoparticles. Mostly, organic nanoparticles (77.7%) were used including polymeric (85.7%) and lipid nanoparticles (14.3%). The highest efficacy, <italic>in vitro</italic>, of 100% resulted from using encapsulated bromelain against eggs, larvae, and adult worm mortality at 4, 2, and 1 mg/ml, respectively. While <italic>in vivo</italic>, encapsulated <italic>Eucalyptus staigeriana</italic> oil reduced worm burden by 83.75% and encapsulated <italic>Cymbopogon citratus</italic> nano-emulsion by 83.1%. Encapsulated bromelain, encapsulated <italic>Eucalyptus staigeriana</italic> oil, and encapsulated <italic>Cymbopogon citratus</italic> nano-emulsion were safe and non-toxic <italic>in vivo</italic>. Encapsulated bromelain damaged the cuticle, caused paralysis, and death. Nanoparticles could be a potential source for developing novel anthelmintic drugs to overcome the emerging issue of anthelmintic resistance in <italic>H. contortus</italic>. Studies on molecular effects, toxicological consequences, and different pharmacological targets of nanoparticles are required in future research.</p>