AUTHOR=Carneiro Paulo Alex , Zimpel Cristina Kraemer , Pasquatti Taynara Nunes , Silva-Pereira Taiana T. , Takatani Haruo , Silva Christian B. D. G. , Abramovitch Robert B. , Sa Guimaraes Ana Marcia , Davila Alberto M. R. , Araujo Flabio R. , Kaneene John B. 

TITLE=Genetic Diversity and Potential Paths of Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in the Amazon: The Discovery of M. bovis Lineage Lb1 Circulating in South America

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.630989

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2021.630989

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=<p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has yet to be eradicated in Brazil. Herds of cattle and buffalo are important sources of revenue to people living in the banks of the Amazon River basin. A better understanding of <italic>Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)</italic> populational structure and transmission dynamics affecting these animals can significantly contribute in efforts to improve their sanitary status. Herein, we sequenced the whole genome of 22 <italic>M. bovis</italic> isolates (15 from buffalo and 7 from cattle) from 10 municipalities in the region of the Lower Amazon River Basin in Brazil and performed phylogenomic analysis and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-based transmission inference to evaluate population structure and transmission networks. Additionally, we compared these genomes to others obtained in unrelated studies in the Marajó Island (<italic>n</italic> = 15) and worldwide (<italic>n</italic> = 128) to understand strain diversity in the Amazon and to infer <italic>M. bovis</italic> lineages. Our results show a higher genomic diversity of <italic>M. bovi</italic>s genomes obtained in the Lower Amazon River region when compared to the Marajó Island, while no significant difference was observed between <italic>M. bovis</italic> genomes obtained from cattle and buffalo (<italic>p</italic> ≥ 0.05). This high genetic diversity is reflected by the weak phylogenetic clustering of <italic>M. bovis</italic> from the Lower Amazon River region based on geographic proximity and in the detection of only two putative transmission clusters in the region. One of these clusters is the first description of inter-species transmission between cattle and buffalo in the Amazon, bringing implications to the bTB control program. Surprisingly, two <italic>M. bovis</italic> lineages were detected in our dataset, namely Lb1 and Lb3, constituting the first description of Lb1 in South America. Most of the strains of this study (13/22) and all 15 strains of the Marajó Island carried no clonal complex marker, suggesting that the recent lineage classification better describe the diversity of <italic>M. bovis</italic> in the Amazon.</p>