AUTHOR=Park Inkyung , Zimmerman Noah P. , Smith Alexandra H. , Rehberger Thomas G. , Lillehoj Erik. P. , Lillehoj Hyun S. 

TITLE=Dietary Supplementation With Bacillus subtilis Direct-Fed Microbials Alters Chicken Intestinal Metabolite Levels

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00123

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2020.00123

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=<p>Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) are dietary supplements containing live microorganisms which confer a performance and health benefit to the host, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, a metabolomics approach was used to identify changes in intestinal metabolite levels in chickens fed an unsupplemented diet or a diet supplemented with <italic>B. subtilis</italic> strain 1781 or strain 747. Body weight gains of chickens fed the <italic>B. subtilis</italic>-supplemented diets were increased up to 5.6% in the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 1781 group and 7.6% in the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 747 group compared with chickens fed the unsupplemented diet. Compared with unsupplemented controls, the levels of 83 metabolites were altered (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) (25 increased, 58 decreased) in chickens given the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 1781-supplemented diet, while 50 were altered (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) (12 increased, 38 decreased) with the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 747-supplemented diet. Twenty-two metabolites were altered (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) (18 increased, 4 decreased) in the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 1781 vs. <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 747 groups. A random forest analysis of the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 1781 vs. control groups gave a predictive accuracy of 87.5%, while that of the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 747 vs. control groups was 62.5%. A random forest analysis of the <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 1781 vs. <italic>B. subtilis</italic> 747 groups gave a predictive accuracy of 75.0%. Changes in the levels of these intestinal biochemicals provided a distinctive biochemical signature unique to each <italic>B. subtilis</italic>-supplemented group, and were characterized by alterations in the levels of dipeptides (alanylleucine, glutaminylleucine, phenylalanylalanine, valylglutamine), nucleosides (<italic>N</italic>1-methyladenosine, <italic>N</italic>6-methyladenosine, guanine, 2-deoxyguanosine), fatty acids (sebacate, valerylglycine, linoleoylcholine), and carbohydrates (fructose). These results provide the foundation for future studies to identify biochemicals that might be used to improve poultry growth performance in the absence of antibiotic growth promoters.</p>