AUTHOR=Battisti Elena , Zanet Stefania , Khalili Sara , Trisciuoglio Anna , Hertel Beatrice , Ferroglio Ezio 

TITLE=Molecular Survey on Vector-Borne Pathogens in Alpine Wild Carnivorans

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00001

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2020.00001

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=<p>In Europe, free-ranging wildlife has been linked to the emergence of several vector-borne diseases such as rodents for <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi</italic> s.l. In particular, wild carnivorans are one of the most important sources of emerging zoonotic pathogens worldwide, although little information is available regarding the epidemiology of vector-borne parasites in these animals. Thus, the aim of this paper was to investigate the prevalence of <italic>Babesia</italic> spp., <italic>Anaplasma</italic> spp., <italic>Ehrlichia</italic> spp., <italic>Hepatozoon</italic> spp. and <italic>Leishmania infantum</italic> in alpine wild canids and mustelids from Italy. For this study, spleen samples of 157 foxes (<italic>Vulpes vulpes</italic>), 45 badgers (<italic>Meles meles</italic>), and 33 wolves (<italic>Canis lupus</italic>) collected between 2009 and 2017 in Northwest Italy were examined by using conventional PCR. Logistic regression was used to identify possible risk factors for pathogen infections. DNA of any of the tested pathogens was found in more than 90% of the analyzed animals. In particular, <italic>Babesia</italic> spp. showed significantly higher prevalence in foxes (89.7%) and badgers (89.6%) than in wolves, while the latter were considerably more infected with <italic>Hepatozoon canis</italic> (75.8%) than foxes (5.1%). None of the badger tested positive for <italic>Hepatozoon</italic> spp., although they showed high prevalence of <italic>Leishmania infantum</italic> (53.3%). Sequencing results revealed the presence, among others, of <italic>Babesia vulpes, Babesia</italic> sp. isolate badger type A and B, and <italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</italic>. Moreover, previously unreported pathogen/host associations were observed, such as <italic>Babesia capreoli</italic> in wolves and badgers. The prevalence of vector-borne pathogens observed in the present study is one of the highest reported so far, suggesting the importance of free-ranging carnivorans in the epidemiology and maintenance of the sylvatic cycle of the pathogens. Moreover, several of these pathogens are of particular importance regarding human (<italic>A. phagocytophilum, L. infantum</italic>) and pet health (<italic>L. infantum, B. vulpes</italic>).</p>