Sociodemographic factors have been shown to have significant impacts on bladder cancer (BC) outcomes, but there are conflicting data in the literature regarding certain non-modifiable factors. We sought to determine the effect of sociodemographic factors on survival outcomes after radical cystectomy (RC) for BC.
A systematic review of population-based cohort studies published before March 2020 from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and National Cancer Database (NCDB) was performed per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines by searching PubMed®, Scopus®, and Web of Science®. All full-text English-language articles assessing the impact of sociodemographic factors on BC survival after RC were obtained. Two investigators (WY and AC) independently screened all articles. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. All studies reporting survival outcomes after RC based on any of the sociodemographic factors were included, except for systematic reviews, which were excluded. Primary end points were overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) after RC. Cohort studies reporting Cox proportional hazards or logistic regression analysis were independently screened. Available multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) were included in the quantitative analysis.
Our search returned 147 studies, of which 14 studies (11 SEER and 3 NCDB) were included for cumulative analysis. Only race and gender were evaluable due to heterogeneity of other factors. Compared to White patients, Black patients have worse OS [HR 0.83; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.75, 0.92; p < 0.01; I2 = 79%] and DSS (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.69, 1.00; p = 0.05; I2 = 69%), Asian patients have worse OS (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.77, 0.92; p < 0.01; I2 = 15%) but not DSS (HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.31, 2.10; p = 0.66), Hispanic patients have no difference in OS (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.79, 1.34; p = 0.66; I2 = 72%) or DSS (HR 2.63; 95% CI 0.34, 20.34; p = 0.35), and Native American patients have no difference in OS (HR 2.16; 95% CI 0.80, 5.83; p = 0.13). Compared to men, women have no difference in OS (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.93, 1.15; p = 0.53; I2 = 92%) nor DSS (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.90, 1.08; p = 0.78; I2 = 1%).
Disparate BC survival outcomes after RC are present, with Black patients having poorer OS and DSS as compared to White patients. Asian patients have lower OS but not DSS. Survival outcomes do not appear to differentiate by gender. Significant heterogeneity in variable and outcome definitions limited our ability to perform meta-analyses involving other potentially important drivers and sources of disparate outcomes.