Review of Host-Directed Immunotherapy and Candidate Agents against leishmaniasisLeishmaniasis

Mebratu Tamir ^* Bisrat Birke Teketelew Dereje Mengesha Abiy Ayele Amare Mekuanint Negesse Cherie Gebeyaw Getnet Aberham Abere Tegegne Eshetu

• University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Leishmniasis is aLeishmaniasis are a group of neglected tropical vector-borne diseases caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Currently, the standard chemotherapy is seriously challenging because ofdue to its cytotoxicity, costexpensiveness, painful route of administration, long treatment duration, resultant partial efficacy and, high risk of resistance. To overcome the challenges ,this issue, new treatmentintervention approaches are emergedwere formulated to treat leishmaniasis. Host-directed immunotherapy(HDT) is a novel treatment modality that introducedapproach which involve adoptive transfer of host-derived biomolecules to enhance the natural power of the hostprotective cellular immunity, restoring.This restores the function of the parasite diverted effector cells enabling to clear the intracellular parasitesamastigote and recovery of patients. from infections. Advantage of HDT this modality over routine chemotherapy includes less cytotoxicity, short hospitalization, affordability, better efficacy for drug resistant parasite strain and avoidance of treatment resistance.. Several studies had reported better efficacy of HDTthis treatment model principallymainly for drug-resistant Leishmania species. However, current knowledge and clinical evidence is highly insufficient in implementing HDT agentsthis agent to treat any form of leishmniasis.In this leishmaniasis. This review we aimed to assesshow efficacy of HDthis immunotherapeutic agent against leishmaniasis from the recent findings .. The discussion has focused on major pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-gamma, interleukin-12 and GM-CSF), immune cells (Dendritic and Mesenchymal stem cells), and monoclonal-antibodies (anti-interleukin-10/,anti-interleukine-4) therapies. The data from recent and immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules. Our finding shows that, this treatment approach has potential toof successful treatment, improve clinical outcome and promising modality to reduce treatment duration efficacy. Thus, HDT can helps to contribute Formatted: English (United Kingdom) Formatted: English (United Kingdom) Formatted: English (United States) Formatted: English (United Kingdom) Formatted: English (United States)iii | P a g e to successful treatment of leishmniasis,helps infection control,lowering the adverse effect of routine therapy. This suggests scientific intention to future deployment of HDT this treatment modality as an alternative stratiges. Yetstrategy. However, it needs extensive pre-clinical trials using local animal model that reflect typical host immunological profile against leishmaniasis in order to select most protective host HDT candidatescandidate agents.