Rahila Zannat Sadiea ¹ Anandha Mozumder ¹ Moslema J. Mou ¹ Sm N. Hasan ¹ Chandan Sikder ¹ Sharmin Akter ² Biplob K. Saha ³ Sukumar Saha ¹ Mengzhou Xue ⁴ Huiqing Wang ⁵ Chunfu Zheng ⁶ Md. Golzar Hossain ^1*

• ¹ Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
• ² Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, Mymensingh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• ³ Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• ⁴ Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
• ⁵ Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
• ⁶ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Calgary, Canada

Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat worldwide. On the other hand, Bangladesh produces high-quality mangoes, yet the mango coat and seed kernel, which contain medicinal components, remain unused. Therefore, this study investigated the antibacterial potential and toxicity of ethanol extracts from mango (Mangifera indica) seed kernels, which specifically targetingtarget the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella sp. Amrapali variant mango seeds were collected, dried, ground into a fine powder, and extracted with ethanol at various ratios. The efficacy of the crude extract was tested usingvia the disc diffusion method. The results demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. cereus), with clear zones of inhibition observed, especially in a dose-dependent manner. The pure crude extract inhibitsinhibited the growth of S. aureus with a zone of 23 mm, identical to that produced by doxycycline. However, the extract exhibited limited activity against gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Klebsiella sp.). Additionally, the extract was effective against multidrug-resistant S. aureus. The pure crude extract produced a 22.5 mm zone of inhibition against multidrugresistant S. aureus, which iswas slightly smaller than that of gentamicin (23 mm) but larger than those of chloramphenicol (21 mm), vancomycin (20 mm), and tetracycline (16 mm). In vivo toxicity was assessed in mice, revealing no significant adverse effects on the hepatic structure or renal cortex at lower doses (100 μLμl of pure crude extract). However, higher doses caused mild histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys. These findings suggest that mango seed kernel extract holds promise as an alternative antibacterial agent, particularly against gram-positive and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, while being relatively safe at lower doses. Further research is needed to elucidate the active compounds, mechanisms of action, and broader applications of this extract in combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.