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REVIEW article

Front. Toxicol.
Sec. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
Volume 7 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/ftox.2025.1477822

Comprehensive overview of the toxicity of small-molecule cryoprotectants for carnivorous spermatozoa; The foundation for computational cryobiotechnology

Provisionally accepted
ISAAC KARIMI ISAAC KARIMI 1,2*Jasim Laith Jasim Laith 3A Suvitha A Suvitha 4Zohreh Haidari Zohreh Haidari 1Helgi Schiöth Helgi Schiöth 5
  • 1 Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 2 Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden, Kirurgiska vetenskaper, Sweden
  • 3 Babylon university, Babylon, Iraq
  • 4 Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
  • 5 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Highlight  Specific and nonspecific toxicities of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) should be considered in any assisted reproductive technology  Nonspecific toxicity is caused by ice crystallization and subsequent thermal cytoinjuries  Specific toxicity is dependent on innate toxic properties of CPA of interest that are related to its concentration  Small-molecule CPAs are a large category of chemicals used in semen cryopreservation/vitrification (SC/SV)  A bipartite compartment of seminal plasma and the intracellular space of spermatozoa alters the thermodynamics and toxicological features of small-molecule CPAs  Glycerol and ethylene glycol are two methods for the preparation semen extender in 60 years of research in carnivorous SC/SV

    Keywords: Spermatozoa, Cryoprotectants, Cryopreservation, Seminal plasma, Carnivores, Thermodynamics, Toxicology -3.248 -2.871 -3.23 -3.417

    Received: 09 Aug 2024; Accepted: 20 Jan 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 KARIMI, Laith, Suvitha, Haidari and Schiöth. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: ISAAC KARIMI, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.