Editorial: Bio-thermal Medical Devices, Methods, and Models: New Developments and Advances

Manpreet Singh ^1* Arka Bhowmik ^2* Ramjee Repaka ^3* Kunal Mitra ^4*

• ¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
• ² Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
• ³ Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India
• ⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, United States

Recent advancements in medical imaging techniques have greatly enhanced the ability to capture anatomically precise and highly detailed vascular structures within biological tissues Singh 2024. This progress is particularly significant for bioheat transfer modeling, where an accurate representation of the vascular network is essential for understanding heat exchange, blood perfusion dynamics, and thermal responses in both healthy and pathological conditions. The integration of high-resolution, three-dimensional geometries extracted from medical imaging data, often at the voxel level, enables more precise simulations, improving the predictive accuracy of thermal treatments and physiological responses Singh 2024. More recently, research efforts have continued to develop anatomically accurate models from medical imaging and develop physics and physiology-based models Singh et al., 2024. On contrary, voxel-based domains generated from medical image are crucial for bioheat transfer modeling; however, a key challenge lies in voxel resolution limitations. Due to the small dimensional scale of blood vessels, not all vessels are captured within a given voxel resolution, resulting in discontinuities in vascular segmentation. Also, pre-capillary vessels such as arterioles, which play a critical role in regulating blood flow resistance, are often modeled within the tissue as a porous domain. Such simplification leads to a loss of critical vascular information, potentially affecting the accuracy of bioheat transfer simulations. Additionally, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a powerful tool for tracking magnetic nanoparticles used in hyperthermia-based cancer treatments. By combining mathematical modeling with MPI, researchers are optimizing nanoparticleinduced hyperthermia to improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing unintended thermal damage to surrounding healthy tissues Singh 2020; Singh et al., 2021;Singh 2023. In this Research Topic, Pawar et al. conducted a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of the spatial distribution of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) on tumor temperature. Their study utilized co-registered magnetic resonance (MR)/computed tomography (CT) imaging alongside magnetic particle imaging (MPI) to derive in vivo MION distribution, which was then compared to mathematically generated uniform and Gaussian distributions. Theoretical predictions were based on the Pennes bioheat transfer equation, incorporating the dynamic influence of temperature on blood perfusion. To enhance accuracy, they employed a piecewise function to model the degree of vascular stasis (collapse of vasculature), as previously quantified by Singh 2022 in the context of magnetic hyperthermia. This approach provided valuable insights into optimizing MION distribution for more effective magnetic hyperthermia treatments.In another article of this Research Topic, Amare et al. highlighted the challenges involved in extracting the small blood vessels due to limited resolution of voxels obtained from image data. Their approach clearly provides evidence that mathematical representations of unsegmented blood vessels can approximate the thermal resistance and reduced the need for high-resolution imaging. In addition, their proposed methodology provides a computationally efficient alternative to high-resolution imaging, making it a valuable tool for future applications in biomedical modeling and thermal therapy planning.Besides the above numerical work, Pioletti presented an intriguing and innovative perspective on the role of self-heating in soft tissues, specifically in cartilage, because of mechanical stimulation induced heat effect. The core idea discussed in this work is that temperature changes induced by mechanical activity might be necessary for cartilage maintenance-introduces a potential paradigm shift in how we think about the physiological effects of mechanical loading on musculoskeletal tissues.In addition to the perspective article, Li et al. conducted a bibliometric analysis to assess studies on hypothermia-related injuries, treatment strategies, and underlying mechanisms. This study provides a comprehensive summary of hypothermia's impact on human health and the therapeutic applications of moderate hypothermia. By mapping research trends, frontiers, and key focus areas, the analysis offers valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of hypothermia research. Additionally, it highlights the distinctions and interconnections between therapeutic and severe hypothermia, offering a clearer understanding of advancements and emerging trends in the field. This Research Topic presents a collection of two research articles, a perspective paper, and a review paper, each showcasing novel discoveries, state-of-the-art advancements, and future directions in the interdisciplinary field of computational modeling in biomedical engineering. These studies emphasize multiscale, multiphysics, and medical imaging-assisted approaches, highlighting their integration and applications. We believe that the insights shared in this collection will pave the way for groundbreaking research in bioheat transfer, accelerating innovations in medical device development.