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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Surg.
Sec. Genitourinary Surgery
Volume 11 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1489832

Association Between Tumor Size and Prognosis in Bladder Cancer: Novel Classifications and Insights from a SEER Database Analysis

Provisionally accepted
Yige Jia Yige Jia Kan Wu Kan Wu Xiang Li Xiang Li *
  • West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Objective: Although tumor size is an essential oncologic feature, it is often underutilized in diagnosing and treating bladder cancer (BC). This study investigates the relationship between tumor size and BC prognosis, aiming to enhance clinical applications. Methods: BC patients were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004–2015). Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to identify prognostic factors, and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to assess the relationship between tumor size and survival outcomes. The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate COX models were utilized to estimate the effect of the classification scheme. Results: A total of 69478 patients with BC were evaluated from the SEER database. Larger tumor size, recent diagnosis, older age, high pathologic grade, variant histology, advanced T stages, positive lymph node status, and receipt of radiotherapy and chemotherapy were associated with worse overall and cancer-specific survival. RCS curves of each stage showed that the relationship between tumor size and prognosis was non-linear. Optimal cut-off points were identified based on the shape of RCS curves, suggesting new classifications of tumor size: 2.5 cm and 5 cm for Ta, 3 cm and 5 cm for T1, and 4 cm and 6 cm for T2. Conclusions: Incorporating tumor size into prognostic evaluations can enhance bladder cancer risk stratification. Further research is needed to validate these findings and improve personalized treatment strategies.

    Keywords: Bladder cancer, tumor size, prognosis, SEER database, Restrict Cubic

    Received: 01 Sep 2024; Accepted: 08 Nov 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Jia, Wu and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Xiang Li, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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