Skip to main content

REVIEW article

Front. Surg., 07 December 2023
Sec. Surgical Oncology
This article is part of the Research Topic Organ-Sparing Surgery for Genitourinary Cancers View all 7 articles

Comparing trimodal therapy with radical cystectomy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis

\r\nAhmad R. Al-Qudimat,
Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat1,2*Kalpana SinghKalpana Singh3Laxmi K. OjhaLaxmi K. Ojha1Diala Alhaj MoustafaDiala Alhaj Moustafa1Mai ElaaragMai Elaarag1Raed M. Al-Zoubi,,Raed M. Al-Zoubi1,4,5Omar M. Aboumarzouk,\r\nOmar M. Aboumarzouk1,6
  • 1Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 2Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 3Department of Nursing Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 5Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  • 6School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Background: We conducted this meta-analysis to compare the two muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treatment modalities in terms of cancer-specific survival (CSS) and other outcome indicators.

Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted using various academic databases including Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane database, EMBASE, Chinese biomedical literature database, Wan fang databases, and China National Knowledge Internet databases between 1966 and December 2023. This review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) No. (CRD42023398977).

Result: This study included a total of 54,816 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer from 14 studies, of which 6,228 patients were assigned to the trimodal therapy (TMT) group and 48,588 patients were assigned to the radical cystectomy (RC) group. Based on the results, the RC group exhibited a higher rate of survival than the TMT group [pooled hazard ratio (HR) = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.18–1.28, Z = 1.46, P < 0.001]. In terms of CSS, patients in the RC group had a longer CSS compared with those in the TMT group (pooled HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.29–1.67, Z = 5.893, P < 0.001). Compared with RC, TMT is significantly associated with an increased risk of both types of mortality (pooled HR: 1.30, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis suggest that RC treatment may be associated with improved overall survival. Moreover, it was observed that cancer-specific survival was significantly prolonged among patients in the RC group as opposed to those who received TMT. In addition, it was shown that patients who received TMT exhibited a higher risk of all-cause mortality when compared with those who underwent RC.

Introduction

The incidence of bladder cancer, commonly referred to as urothelial or urinary bladder cancer, is progressively increasing worldwide, particularly in developed nations. Presently, it is ranked 10th among the most widespread types of cancer globally (1, 2). Bladder urothelial carcinoma has a reasonably high incidence rate, particularly in developed countries, ranking as the seventh most common tumor in males and the 11th in both sexes (3). In terms of both cost and fatality, bladder cancer stands out as the most burdensome among urologic malignancies. In 2019 alone, approximately 80,470 new cases were diagnosed, leading to an estimated 17,670 deaths caused by this disease (4). The 5-year survival rates for individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer were found to be 34% for those with localized disease, 7% for those with regional disease, and 5% for those with metastatic disease. The survival rates of those diagnosed with progressed and metastatic bladder cancer were found to be much lower (5).

At the time of the diagnosis, approximately 20%–30% of the lesions will have invaded the muscle; this necessitates a radical cystectomy (RC) in conjunction with pelvic lymphadenectomy, which is considered the “gold standard” treatment (6, 7). Within 30 days following the surgery, the complication rates have been documented to reach as high as 58%–77%, and approximately 27% of patients require readmission. Partial cystectomy (PC) combined with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection has been offered as an alternative treatment for these conditions, following a thorough process of patient screening. Based on the available data, between 5% and 10% of patients meet the selection requirements for undergoing a PC procedure (8). In the 1950s, partial cystectomy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma was widely employed, but this approach has since fallen out of favor due to unacceptable rates of recurring bladder cancer (40%–78%), which can largely be attributable to the insufficiently stringent selection criteria employed (911).

Patients with clinically staged MIBC and treated with contemporary methods that preserve the bladder have a chance of achieving complete response (CR) rates ranging from 60% to 80%, the 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rates fall within the range of 60%–70%, while the rates of survival with the bladder intact range from 40% to 45% (12, 13).

We conducted this meta-analysis to compare the two MIBC treatment modalities in terms of CSS and other outcome indicators because we think that cumulative evidence from trials should be more trustworthy.

Method

We performed this review based on a priori-defined protocol and according to PRISMA and meta-analysis guidelines (14). The review protocol has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number (CRD42023398977).

Search strategy

We searched Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane database, EMBASE, Chinese biomedical literature database, Wan fang databases, and China National Knowledge Internet databases between 1966 and December 2023. We used the terms bladder cancer, trimodality, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and cystectomy. The phrases used for the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) search included: [“bladder cancer” (MeSH)] or “bladder preservation” (MeSH) or “bladder-sparing” (MeSH) and “trimodality treatment” (MeSH) or “TMT” (MeSH) and “chemotherapy” (MeSH) and “chemoradiation” (MeSH) and “radiotherapy” (MeSH) and “chemoradiotherapy” (MeSH) and “cystectomy” (MeSH). We considered including all original papers and retrieved all available records.

Study eligibility

We defined suitability of this review be utilizing the PICO question (P = Patient population, I = Intervention, C = Comparator, and O = Outcomes). The studies that were included in the analysis were selected based on the following criteria: (1) adult (2) studies have comparting between RC and TMT, (3) compared outcomes between RC and TMT with patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and (4) local or local advance tumor. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) duplicate reports (including identical patient information), (2) insufficient data, and (3) reviews and other reports.

Search strategy and study selection

According to the inclusion criteria, two authors (AA and LO) screened and evaluated the relevant studies. Where opinions differed, discussions were held with the lead author (OA) until an agreement was reached.

Data extraction

We extracted data independently by authors using a standard excel sheet. The information extracted from the studies included studies characteristics (author names, publication years, study design, total study population, country, timeframe of study), outcome [cancer-specific survival (CSS) and Charlson comorbidity score (CCS) after TMT or RC treatment], and mortality.

Heterogeneity assessment

We used the I2 statistic and a visual evaluation of the forest plots to assess the presence of heterogeneity. Specifically, I2 values of 50% were utilized to indicate low and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively (15).

Publication bias

We conducted a regression test to assess the presence of funnel plot asymmetry across all potential outcomes.

Statistical analysis

Variance and log hazard ratio (HR) has been implemented as the summary outcome measures in all studies in this meta-analysis. We calculated the HR at the 95% confidence interval (CI) for mortality, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival (OS). Across all the included papers, the risk ratio (RR) was adopted as the summary outcome measure and was calculated with a 95% CI of the data for each study to compare TMT with RC. Also, the risk ratio with 95% CI was applied to compare the clinical T stage, cancer grade, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, and CCS of patients with TMT or RC. The Z-test was used to determine the statistical significance of the summary RRs. The I2 test and chi-square test were applied to assess the level of heterogeneity among the studies. To determine the level of heterogeneity, the I2 value was employed (I2 = 25%, no heterogeneity; I2 = 25%–50%, moderate heterogeneity; I2% > 50%, high or extreme heterogeneity). If P < 0.05, a statistically significant heterogeneity in the statistics was considered to exist. The random-effects models (DerSimonian–Laird method) were used to assess the pooled RR and to test the reliability of the results. For evaluating publication bias, funnel plots with the Begg's rank test were employed (16). STATA 17.0 was used for all the analysis. P-values that were <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

The initial search included 2,895 studies that were potentially relevant to the topic under investigation. Following the initial screening process, 90 studies were excluded due to duplication, and 2,732 studies were further excluded based on the evaluation of their titles or abstracts, or failure to meet the eligibility criteria. A total of 13 studies were deemed relevant and therefore included in the review (Figure 1).

Figure 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1. PRISMA diagram of literature search.

Risk of bias assessment

A total of 12 non-randomized intervention studies (5, 1727) were evaluated using the traffic light diagram to assess the risk of bias. The risk of bias was low across all studies in relation to the classification of the intervention, deviations from the intended intervention, and measurement of outcomes. A total of nine studies were evaluated to have a moderate risk of bias due to missing data, while seven studies were found to have a moderate risk of bias due to confounding factors, and three studies were identified as having a moderate risk of bias due to participant selection (Figure 2).

Figure 2
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 2. (A) Traffic light plot of risk of bias assessment (non-randomized studies), (B) Cochrane tool, and (C) risk of bias across studies Cochrane tool.

The two randomized clinical trials (28, 29) were evaluated using the Cochrane Bias Risk Tool. The study revealed a low likelihood of bias resulting from exclusion and reporting bias, whereas the risk of selection bias in the two components remains unclear. The assessment of one study indicated an unclear risk of bias, while another study was deemed to have a high risk of bias in relation to performance and detection bias (Figure 2).

Study characteristics

A total of 14 studies from eight different countries were included, namely one from China, one from Egypt, one from France, one from Korea, one from Israel, one from Takatsuki, three from Great Britain, and five from the United States. The meta-analysis comprised a total of 54,816 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer. Among these, 6,228 patients were from the TMT group, while the remaining 48,588 patients were from the RC group. Ten studies were retrospective, one study was a prospective cohort study, and three studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). CSS was reported in five studies, with two of these studies reported on mortality outcomes. Table 1 provides an overview of all the details of the research characteristics. Most of the patients included in the study exhibit urothelial carcinoma as their pathology grade, while others present with a different form of carcinoma. Four studies provided the ECOG score, while 12 studies assessed the clinical T stage.

Table 1
www.frontiersin.org

Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.

The risk of clinical T stage <2 group between TMT and RC was examined in 10 retrospective and one prospective study involving 54,545 participants (5, 18, 19, 2127). The random-effects model was employed to calculate the pooled risk due to the presence of evident heterogeneity among these studies (I2 = 95.8%, Q = 239.1, P < 0.001). The data illustrated that the risk of the RC group was lower than that of the TMT group (pooled RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69–0.95, Z = −2.587, P < 0.010, (Figure 3B).

Figure 3
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 3. Forest plot comparing clinical T stage and eastern cooperative oncology group (ECOG) in patients receiving trimodal therapy (TMT) vs. radical cystectomy (RC). (A) T stage <2 for RCT, (B) T stage <2 for retrospective studies, (C) T stage ≥2 for RCT, (D) T stage ≥2 for retrospective studies, (E) ECOG ≥1, and (F) ECOG = 0.

Two RCTs with 301 patients (28, 29) compared the risk of clinical T stage <2 group between TMT and RC (Figure 3A). Using a random-effects model, the pooled risk was higher in the RC group than in the TMT group, but the difference was not statistically significant (pooled RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.76–1.47, Z = 0.324, P = 0.746). No heterogeneity was found between the two RCTs (I2 = 0%, Q = 0.14, P = 0.705).

There was no statistical significance in the difference between TMT and RC for clinical T Stage ≥2 group for retrospective and prospective studies demonstrated in the pooled RR results (5, 18, 19, 2127) (pooled RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.84–2.07, Z = 1.18, P = 0.237) (Figure 3D). In the RCT (28, 29), the pooled risk ratio was found to be 0.66, with 95% CI: 0.21–2.06, Z = −0.722, P = 0.470 (Figure 3C). These findings indicate that there was no statistical difference observed between TMT and RC in terms of ECOG score for both the 0 and ≥1 groups (5, 20, 23, 28) (Figures 3E,F).

Cancer grade

Five retrospective studies (5, 18, 19, 2127) with 36,287 patients examined the cancer risk for urothelial diseases between TMT and RC. The studies exhibited apparent heterogeneity (I2 = 88.9%, Q = 36.2, P < 0.001), and the pooled risk was calculated using the random-effects model. The results showed that the risk of the RC group was higher than that of the TMT group (pooled RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.061.09, Z = 11.575, P < 0.001) (Figure 4B).

Figure 4
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 4. Forest plot comparing cancer grade and Charlson comorbidity score (CCS) in patients receiving trimodal therapy (TMT) vs. radical cystectomy (RC). (A) Cancer grade others, (B) cancer grade for UC, (C) CCS ≥2, (D) CCS = 0, and (E) CCS = 1.

A total of 30,551 patients were included in five studies, three of which being retrospective, one being prospective, and one being an RCT (5, 19, 21, 26, 28), to assess the risk of cancer grade for various types of cancer between TMT and RC (Figure 4A). Using a random-effects model, the pooled risk was found to be significantly higher in the RC group compared with the TMT group (pooled RR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.17–1.47, Z = 3.437, P = 001. There was clear heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 88.8%, Q = 35.67, P < 0.001).

Charlson comorbidity score

To determine the pooled risk of CCS score for ≥2 between TMT and RC (Figure 4C), a total of 24,706 patients were included from five studies, four of which were retrospective studies and one was an RCT (18, 2527, 29). A random-effects model revealed that the pooled risk was significantly lower in the RC group than that in the TMT group (pooled RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70–0.92, Z = −3.066, P = 002. The studies exhibited a moderate amount of heterogeneity (I2 = 40.4%, Q = 6.7, P = 0.152).

There was no significant difference found in the pooled risk of CCS score for 0 as well as 1 group between RC and TMT group (Figures 4D,E) (2527, 29).

Overall survival

Based on the information provided, it appears that a comparative analysis is being conducted between two treatment methods, namely TMT and RC. The comparison is based on the overall survival outcomes from 11 studies.

The presence of heterogeneity among the studies is evident, indicated by an I2 value of 70.2% and a P-value of <0.001. The random-effects model was employed to calculate the pooled hazard ratio to account for this heterogeneity. The data showed that the OS of the RC group was higher than that of the TMT group [the pooled HR 1.23 (95% CI: 1.18–1.28), Z = 10.7, P < 0.001] (Figure 3A) (5, 1720, 22, 2529). This result suggests that the RC treatment may be associated with better overall survival compared with the TMT treatment.

Cancer-specific survival

Six studies reported CSS in relation to both TMT and RC (17, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28). The random-effects model was chosen to assess the combined HR in order to account for the absence of significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.58). The results showed that the patients in the RC group had a longer CSS compared with the patients in the TMT group (pooled HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.291.67, Z = 5.893, P < 0.001) (Figure 5A).

Figure 5
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 5. Forest plot comparing (A) cancer-specific survival (B) overall survival in RCTs in patients receiving trimodal therapy (TMT) vs. radical cystectomy (RC).

Mortality

Two studies (17, 21) reported the all-cause mortality and bladder-specific cancer mortality between TMT and RC; the pooled hazard ratio findings suggest that TMT is linked with a substantial increase in both types of mortality when evaluated to RC. The pooled HR was found to be 1.30, 95% CI: 1.16–1.46, Z = 4.546, P < 0.001 (Figure 5B). This suggests that patients receiving TMT have a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with those receiving RC.

Publication bias

The present meta-analysis of 14 studies did not identify any significant impact of small study size. The publication bias was calculated using Begg's rank test, yielding a P-value of 0.099, which did not reach statistically significance. Evidence was found to support the absence of publication bias.

Discussion

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has historically been treated with radical cystectomy; however, trimodal therapy (TMT) has become a viable therapeutic alternative for some patients (30). Due to the lack of top-tier high-quality comparative studies between the two alternatives, we sought to compare the clinical outcomes between these two different treatment modalities by analyzing the best current literature available. The outcomes of interest in this study were clinical T stage, cancer grade, Charlson comorbidity score, overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and mortality. In this study, we find that among MIBC patients, those who underwent RC exhibited better OS, cancer-specific survival, and lower mortality compared with patients who underwent TMT. In addition, patients with a clinical T stage <2 were susceptible to TMT therapy. There was no observed difference between TMT and RC in cases when the clinical T stage was >2. In terms of CSS, it was shown that patients who had a CSS score of ≥2 had a higher likelihood of undergoing TMT. No significant difference was observed between TMTM and RC in patients with a CSS score of <2.

RC was considered the gold standard for managing invasive bladder cancer. However, modern therapeutic options lean toward organ preservation, optimizing the quality of life while ensuring treatment efficacy (31). The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) has conducted six clinical trials that investigated bladder-preservative alternatives. A total of 415 patients were enrolled in these trials with a survival rate of 50%. These alternatives were aimed to increase the tolerability to chemotherapy, thus improving compliance to the treatment and ultimately resulting in improved overall survival rates. However, these were not aimed to replace RC, but rather to provide an alternative for those who cannot undergo surgery (31).

When comparing TMT and RC, conflicting evidence exists. One meta-analysis demonstrated the superiority of TMT over RC in improving the 5-year OS rate (32). In contrast to an older meta-analysis that demonstrated no difference between the two interventions, it did indicate an additional benefit associated with RC regarding cancer-specific survival (33). Moreover, another meta-analysis illustrated neutrality between the two interventions regarding all survival outcomes (34). A recent meta-analyses published in 2020 showcased that TMT and RC are comparable in <10-year OS. However, in the overall survival period of more than 10 years, RC was superior to TMT. It can be concluded that TMT might be a viable treatment option for a selected group of patients (35).

In addition to the efficacy outcomes, it is crucial to examine the safety outcomes related with RC, which have been associated with sexual dysfunction and the need for urinary diversion that required external drainage devices. These might affect the mental and emotional status of the patients. TMT overcomes these side effects by sparing the bladder function, and it has been associated with an improved quality of life (QOL) compared with RC as patients have better body perception (36). Another two cross-sectional studies showed that TMT is associated with enhanced QOL (37, 38). On the other hand, TMT is associated with hematological, gastrointestinal (GI), and urogenital (GU) side effects. However, most studies have concluded that TMT is tolerable and has a well-established safety profile, as the results showed that there is a slight increase in grade 3 or 4 acute adverse events (AEs) with TMT, and that these events were predominantly gastrointestinal toxic effects (3539).

With limited resources setting, the cost-effectiveness of treatment can be as important as clinical outcomes. TMT is associated with a higher cost than RC with a median difference of $127,815 at 2 years, in addition to the outpatient costs including radiology, medications, pathology/laboratory, and other professional services, while RC exhibited higher inpatient costs (40). In certain scenarios, TMT can be a cost-effective option such as in patients aged 65 and older (41), or in academic centers (academic hospitals), while RC is more cost-effective on the population level (42).

Limitations

Some inherent limitations in this study should be acknowledged and put into consideration when interpreting the results. Firstly, the primary sources of the data mainly consisted of retrospective studies, which can be prone to certain limitations such as low quality of documentation, missing data, and selection bias. In addition, using retrospective studies in the analysis might explain the observed heterogeneity in the outcomes, as the data were not originally collected for the purpose of conducting a comparative analysis, resulting in a variation of treatment protocols and the presence of uncontrolled confounding factors, such as using neoadjuvant therapy, variations in radiation dose and type, and the choice of chemotherapy agent. Second, our systematic review concerned the proportion of retrospective studies and the small sample size of the RCTs included. This hampered our ability to discern differences and increased the heterogeneity of the estimates for each outcome. Moreover, we found selection biases in patients receiving different therapies, including variations in performance status, tumor and nodal status, and treatment management (e.g., different radiation and chemotherapy interventions) between institutions. Variant histologies are another limitation. The influence of these variant histologies, as defined by the novel World Health Organization classification, on interventions is not well understood. These variant histologies can provide different prognostic and diagnostic results, which may lead to different therapeutics for each variant type (4345). This selection bias has the potential to further increase heterogeneity. Despite the limitations, this study serves as a basis for clinicians involved in treating MIBC, as it provides a summary of the existing literature comparing these two alternative treatment options.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence of a positive clinical association between RC and TMT. The findings indicate that patients with MIBC who are eligible for treatment had a greater likelihood of prolonged overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and mortality survival while undergoing RC compared with TMT. Our findings may be used to support clinicians in managing MIBC patients. Future work should also extend the scope of investigation and assess clinical outcomes in a younger population with longer expected life spans, in addition to measuring economic outcomes in different regional settings.

Key points

• The updated meta-analysis of the comparison between trimodal therapy (TMT) to radical cystectomy (RC) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

• Comparing cancer grade and Charlson comorbidity score (CCS) in patients receiving trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy. (A) Cancer grade others, (B) Cancer grade for UC, (C) CCS ≥2, (D) CCS = 0, and (E) CCS = 1 in patients receiving trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy.

• Comparing cancer-specific survival and overall survival in RCTs in patients receiving trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy.

• Comparing clinical T stage and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) in patients receiving trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy, T stage <2 for RCT, (B) T stage <2 for retrospective studies, T stage ≥2 for RCT, T stage ≥2 for retrospective studies, ECOG ≥1, and ECOG = 0 in patients receiving trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy.

Author contributions

AA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing. KS: Formal analysis, Writing – review and editing. LO: Data curation, Writing – original draft. DM: Data curation, Writing – original draft. ME: Writing – review and editing. RA: Writing – review and editing. OA: Conceptualization, Writing – review and editing.

Funding

The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

The publication of this article was funded by Qatar National Library (QNL).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. (2018) 68(6):394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Ferlay JEM, Colombet M, Mery L, Pineros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer. (2019). 144(8):1941–53. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31937

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Znaor A, Jemal A, Bray F. Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends. Eur Urol. (2017) 71(1):96–108. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.010

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. (2019) 69(1):7–34. doi: 10.3322/caac.21551

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Azuma H, Yamamoto K, Inamoto T, Ibuki N, Kotake Y, Sakamoto T, et al. Total cystectomy versus bladder preservation therapy for locally invasive bladder cancer: effect of combined therapy using balloon-occluded arterial infusion of anticancer agent and hemodialysis with concurrent radiation. Am J Clin Oncol. (2009) 32(6):592–606. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e318199fb42

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Compérat E, Larré S, Roupret M, Neuzillet Y, Pignot G, Quintens H, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer in patients less than 40 years old. Virchows Arch. (2015) 466(5):589–94. doi: 10.1007/s00428-015-1739-2

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Witjes JA, Lebret T, Compérat EM, Cowan NC, Santis MD, Bruins HM, et al. Updated 2016 EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Eur Urol. (2017) 71(3):462–75. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.020

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Kassouf W, Swanson D, Kamat AM, Leibovici D, Siefker-Radtke A, Munsell MF, et al. Partial cystectomy for muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary review of the M. D. Anderson cancer center experience. J Urol. (2006) 175(6):2058–62. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(06)00322-3

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Lindahl F, Jorgensen D, Egvad K. Partial cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol. (1984) 18(2):125–9. doi: 10.3109/00365598409182179

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Resnick MI, O’Conor VJ Jr. Segmental resection for carcinoma of the bladder: review of 102 patients. J Urol. (1973) 109(6):1007–10. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)60608-6

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Novick AC, Stewart BH. Partial cystectomy in the treatment of primary and secondary carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. (1976) 116(5):570–4. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58915-6

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Zehr E, Heney NM, Lane SC, Thakral HK, et al. Selective bladder preservation by combined modality protocol treatment: long-term outcomes of 190 patients with invasive bladder cancer. Urology. (2002) 60(1):62–7; discussion 67–8. doi: 10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01650-3

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Rödel C, Grabenbauer GG, Kühn R, Papadopoulos T, Dunst J, Meyer M, et al. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol. (2002) 20(14):3061–71. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2002.11.027

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. (2009) 6(7):e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks jj, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br Med J. (2003) 327(7414):557–60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Lin L, Chu H. Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. (2018) 74(3):785–94. doi: 10.1111/biom.12817

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Bekelman JE, Handorf EA, Guzzo T, Pollack CE, Christodouleas J, Resnick MJ, et al. Radical cystectomy versus bladder-preserving therapy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: examining confounding and misclassification bias in cancer observational comparative effectiveness research. Value Health. (2013) 16(4):610–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2013.01.005

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Boustani J, Bertaut A, Galsky MD, Rosenberg JE, Bellmunt J, Powles T, et al. Radical cystectomy or bladder preservation with radiochemotherapy in elderly patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer: retrospective international study of cancers of the urothelial tract (RISC) investigators. Acta Oncol. (2018) 57(4):491–7. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2017.1369565

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Cahn DB, Handorf EA, Ghiraldi EM, Ghiraldi EM, Ristau BT, Geynisman DM, et al. Contemporary use trends and survival outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy or bladder-preservation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer. (2017) 123(22):4337–45. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30900

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Gofrit ON, Nof R, Meirovitz A, Pode D, Frank S, Katz R, et al. Radical cystectomy vs. chemoradiation in T2-4aN0M0 bladder cancer: a case-control study. Urol Oncol. (2015) 33(1):19.e1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.09.014

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Guo Y, Jie X, Zhang A, Zhang W, Wang R, Zhang J, et al. Evaluation of survival outcomes with trimodal therapy as primary therapy for non-organ-confined bladder cancer. Front Oncol. (2019) 9:1315. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01315

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Kim YJ, Byun SJ, Ahn H, Kim C, Hong B, Yoo S, et al. Comparison of outcomes between trimodal therapy and radical cystectomy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a propensity score matching analysis. Oncotarget. (2017) 8(40):68996–9004. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16576

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Kulkarni GS, Hermanns T, Wei Y, Bhindi B, Satkunasivam R, Athanasopoulos P, et al. Propensity score analysis of radical cystectomy versus bladder-sparing trimodal therapy in the setting of a multidisciplinary bladder cancer clinic. J Clin Oncol. (2017) 35(20):2299–305. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.2327

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Munro NP, Sundaram SK, Weston PM, Fairley L, Harrison SC, Forman D, et al. A 10-year retrospective review of a nonrandomized cohort of 458 patients undergoing radical radiotherapy or cystectomy in Yorkshire, UK. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. (2010) 77(1):119–24. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.050

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Seisen T, Sun M, Lipsitz SR, Abdollah F, Leow JJ, Menon M, et al. Comparative effectiveness of trimodal therapy versus radical cystectomy for localized muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol. (2017) 72(4):483–7. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.038

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Williams SB, Shan Y, Jazzar U, Mehta HB, Baillargeon JG, Huo J, et al. Comparing survival outcomes and costs associated with radical cystectomy and trimodal therapy for older adults with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. JAMA Surg. (2018) 153(10):881–9. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.1680

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Zhong J, Switchenko J, Jegadeesh NK, Cassidy RJ, Gillespie TW, Master V, et al. Comparison of outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy versus bladder preservation. Am J Clin Oncol. (2019) 42(1):36–41. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000471

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Algizawy SM, Essa HH, Abdel-Wanis ME, Bhindi B, Satkunasivam R, Athanasopoulos P, et al. Trimodality bladder-sparing approach versus radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. J Radiother Pract. (2014) 13(4):428–37. doi: 10.1017/S1460396914000107

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Huddart RA, Birtle A, Maynard L, Beresford M, Blazeby J, Donovan J, et al. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes of SPARE—a randomised feasibility study of selective bladder preservation versus radical cystectomy. BJU Int. (2017) 120(5):639–50. doi: 10.1111/bju.13900

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Magee D, Cheung D, Hird A, Sridhar SS, Catton C, Chung P, et al. Trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a Markov microsimulation model. Can Urol Assoc J. (2022) 16(4):E197–204. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.7453

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Tester WJ, Pilepich MV, Sandler HM. Overview of bladder cancer trials in the radiation therapy oncology group. Cancer. (2003) 97(8 Suppl):2115–9. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11282

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Arcangeli G, Strigari L, Arcangeli S. Radical cystectomy versus organ-sparing trimodality treatment in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of clinical trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. (2015) 95(3):387–96. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.04.006

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

33. García-Perdomo HA, Montes-Cardona CE, Guacheta M, Castillo DF, Reis LO. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer organ-preserving therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol. (2018) 36(12):1997–2008. doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2384-6

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Fahmy O, Khairul-Asri MG, Schubert T, Renninger M, Malek R, Kübler K, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the oncological long-term outcomes after trimodality therapy and radical cystectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. (2018) 36(2):43–53. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.10.002

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Ding H, Fan N, Ning Z, Ma D. Trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Front Oncol. (2020) 10:564779. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.564779

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

36. Mak KS, Smith AB, Eidelman A, Clayman R, Niemierko A, Cheng J, et al. Quality of life in long-term survivors of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. (2016) 96(5):1028–36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.08.023

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

37. Herman JM, Smith DC, Montie J, Hayman JA, Sullivan MA, Kent E, et al. Prospective quality-of-life assessment in patients receiving concurrent gemcitabine and radiotherapy as a bladder preservation strategy. Urology. (2004) 64(1):69–73. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.02.024

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Lagrange JL, Bascoul-Mollevi C, Geoffrois L, Beckendorf V, Ferrero JM, Joly F, et al. Quality of life assessment after concurrent chemoradiation for invasive bladder cancer: results of a multicenter prospective study (GETUG 97-015). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. (2011) 79(1):172–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.10.038

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

39. James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, Jenkins P, Tremlett J, Rawlings C, et al. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. (2012) 366(16):1477–88. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1106106

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

40. Golla V, Shan Y, Farran EJ, Stewart CA, Vu K, Yu A, et al. Long term cost comparisons of radical cystectomy versus trimodal therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. (2022) 40(6):273.e1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.01.007

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

41. Suskovic N, Raldow AC, Royce TJ, Smith A. Cost-effectiveness of radical cystectomy versus trimodality therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. (2020) 38(6_suppl):575. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2020.38.6_suppl.575

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

42. Kool R, Yanev I, Hijal T, Vanhuyse M, Cury FL, Souhami L, et al. Trimodal therapy vs. radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a Canadian cost-effectiveness analysis. Can Urol Assoc J. (2022) 16(6):189–98. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.7430

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

43. Claps F, van de Kamp MW, Mayr R, Bostrom PJ, Shariat SF, Hippe K, et al. Prognostic impact of variant histologies in urothelial bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. BJU Int. (2023) 132(2):170–80. doi: 10.1111/bju.15984

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

44. Martini A, Afferi L, Zamboni S, Schultz JG, Lonati C, Mattei A, et al. Oncologic surveillance for variant histology bladder cancer after radical cystectomy. J Urol. (2021) 206(4):885–93. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001886

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

45. Lopez-Beltran A, Blanca A, Cimadamore A, Montironi R, Barona RL, Volavšek M, et al. T1 bladder carcinoma with variant histology: pathological features and clinical significance. Virchows Arch. (2022) 480(5):989–98. doi: 10.1007/s00428-021-03264-6

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: cancer, bladder preserving, radical cystectomy, muscle-invasive, trimodal

Citation: Al-Qudimat AR, Singh K, Ojha LK, Moustafa DA, Elaarag M, Al-Zoubi RM and Aboumarzouk OM (2023) Comparing trimodal therapy with radical cystectomy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Front. Surg. 10:1276746. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1276746

Received: 12 August 2023; Accepted: 16 October 2023;
Published: 7 December 2023.

Edited by:

Chunguang Yang, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

Reviewed by:

Aisha Siebert, Northwestern Medicine, United States
Francesco Claps, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Netherlands

© 2023 Al-Qudimat, Singh, Ojha, Moustafa, Elaarag, Al-Zoubi and Aboumarzouk. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Ahmad Al-Qudimat aalqudimat@hamad.qa

Abbreviations TMT, trimodal therapy; RC, radical cystectomy; MIBC, muscle-invasive bladder cancer; OS, overall survival; CSS, cancer-specific survival; HR, hazard ratios; PRISMA, preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses; PROSPERO, prospective register of systematic reviews; RR, risk ratio; PC, partial cystectomy; CR, complete response; TUR, transurethral resection.

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.