Changqin Jiang1,2,3,†Song Zhang1,2,†
Jing Chen1,2Yangyang Zhang1,2,3Keke Cai1,2,3Wei Chen1,2,3
Yuanyuan Wu4
Chaozhao Liang1,2,3*
- 1Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- 2The Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- 3Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- 4Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) that has been associated with abnormal pelvic floor muscle function or morphology is a common condition. This research aimed to study the impact of the four-dimensional (4D) pelvic floor ultrasound on the treatment of female patients with clinical diagnosis of SUI and to evaluate its clinical significance on SUI.
Methods: We enrolled 51 women with SUI. Before transobturator suburethral tape procedures, the patients underwent 4D pelvic floor ultrasonography. The measurements include residual urine volume, bladder detrusor thickness in resting state, the vertical distance from the bladder neck to the posterior inferior edge of pubic symphysis at rest and Valsalva movement, posterior angle of bladder urethra, and urethral rotation angle. The degree of movement of the bladder neck (the difference between the vertical distance from the bladder neck to the posterior inferior edge of the pubic symphysis under the resting state and the maximum Valsalva movement) and the formation of a funnel at the internal orifice of the urethra were calculated.
Results: The mean bladder detrusor thickness was 2.6 ± 0.9 mm, the vertical distance from the bladder neck to the posterior inferior edge of pubic symphysis was 27.7 ± 4.5 mm, the posterior angle of the bladder was 122.7 ± 18.9°, the vertical distance from the rectal ampulla to the posterior inferior edge of pubic symphysis was 18.5 ± 4.6 mm, and the mean area of hiatus of the levator ani muscle was 22.1 ± 6.0 cm2. The mean posterior angle of the bladder on Valsalva was 159.3 ± 23.1°, and the mean urethral rotation angle was 67.2 ± 21.4°.
Conclusions: The 4D pelvic floor ultrasound is a reliable method in evaluating preoperational morphological characteristics of patients with SUI. With the help of the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound, the individualized treatment regimen can be developed and, more importantly, the inappropriate surgical decision can be avoided.
Introduction
Urinary incontinence was defined as a social or hygienic problem by the International Continence Society due to the involuntary loss of urine (1). Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) as a common type of urinary incontinence, involuntary urinary leakage during exercise or coughing or laughing, is often underestimated and undertreated (2, 3). According to surveys, the prevalence of urinary incontinence is about 35% among women over the age of 18 (4). As the population aging continues to intensify, the prevalence of urinary incontinence and the demand for the treatment of SUI will continue to increase (5). Surgery is the ultimate option for the treatment of SUI with high cure rates. Mid-urethral slings, mini-slings, and bulking agents have commonly used minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of SUI (6, 7). Transobturator suburethral tape (TOT) is one of the important methods for the surgical management of SUI with high cure rates (8, 9).
Some studies showed that SUI could be accompanied by the loss of the posterior urethrovesical angle during the increasing of intra-abdominal pressure (10) and deficiency of urethral sphincter function, characterized by an open vesical neck and proximal urethra at rest with minimal or no urethral descent during stress, maybe one of the important reasons the mid-urethral slings operation failed for some patients (11).
Four-dimensional (4D) pelvic floor ultrasound is a safe and non-invasive tool, which has been widely used as a tool to virtually reconstruct the anatomical structure of the female urethra in SUI (12–14). In previous literature, measuring the ultrasonic parameters of the tape at a single point or multiple positions has been used to explore the mechanism of TOT procedures, including morphological information changes and the anatomical morphology, function, and behavior of the surgical site (13–18).
However, there is still a lack of standardized methods to comprehensively evaluate the preoperative pelvic floor morphology of patients who are to undergo TOT procedures. Considering that there are differences in the appearance of the pelvic floor during increased intra-abdominal pressure compared with the resting state, that difference may be related to the incidence of complications, such as urinary retention (voiding dysfunction >24 h) or the unsatisfactory improvement of urinary leakage symptoms after operation.
Therefore, we proposed a hypothesis that different preoperative pelvic floor morphology in female patients with SUI could reflect different dynamics and functions, and for patients with SUI, the individualized treatment regimen can be developed and inappropriate surgical decision can be avoided by the preoperative parameters measurement of the pelvic floor by the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound. Accordingly, we designed this study to clarify the significance of the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound for the clinical treatment of female patients with SUI.
Methods and instruments
Between May 2020 and October 2020, we retrospectively reviewed the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data sets of 58 women who underwent TOT surgery for SUI. All the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data sets of the patients were provided by two experienced investigators in The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. After excluding the patients with histories of diabetes, neurologic diseases, stroke, mixed urinary incontinence, cystocele or uterine prolapse, vascular disease, obesity with metabolic syndrome, previous vaginal surgery due to prolapse or urinary incontinence, or incomplete data from ultrasound assessments, the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data sets of 51 women were recruited for analysis (Figure 1). Informed consent was provided by all the participants. The methods, definitions, and units conform to the standards recommended by the International Continence Society (19), except where specifically noted. Before the examination, the patients emptied the rectum and the bladder and lie down in the lithotomy position. After the probe was placed in the perineum with real-time four-dimensional mode, the volume data of the median sagittal plane under the resting state and the movement with maximum intra-abdominal pressure (Valsalva, the patient was asked to hold her breath and exerted downward) was collected, and the changes of the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound images in the two states were observed. The measurements include residual urine volume, bladder detrusor thickness in resting state, vertical distance from the bladder neck to the posterior inferior edge of pubic symphysis at rest and Valsalva movement, posterior angle of bladder urethra (angle between the proximal urethra and outer wall of bladder triangle), and urethral rotation angle (angle between the proximal urethral axis and the middle axis of the human body). The degree of movement of the bladder neck (the difference between the vertical distance from the bladder neck to the posterior inferior edge of the pubic symphysis under the resting state and the maximum Valsalva movement) and the formation of a funnel at the internal orifice of the urethra were calculated (20).
Figure 1. After the patients with SUI preoperative 4D pelvic floor ultrasound assessments, excluding PVR volume greater than 100 ml, or urethral diverticulum, or pelvic organ prolapse, the rest of the patients underwent TOT procedures.
Statistical analysis
The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. All analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows (version 23.0) software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, United States).
Results
The 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data sets of 51 women were included for analysis. With the comprehensive evaluation of the preoperative pelvic floor morphology, none of the 51 patients in our study suffer from infection, hematoma, pain, or urinary retention. Of the 51 women, the mean age was 54 ± 7 years; the median parity was 1, and the mean body mass index was 24.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2. Of the 51 women, 28 (54.9%) were postmenopausal, and 7 (13.7%) had previously undergone hysterectomy. Besides, 9 of the 51 patients (17.6%) had post-void residual (PVR, the urine that remains in the bladder after voiding), but none of the PVR volumes were more than 100 ml. The general characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. General characteristics of the participants.
All of them received preoperative 4D pelvic floor ultrasound assessments at rest and during Valsalva movement. A total of 14 out of 51 patients (27.5%) had suffered the formation of a funnel at the internal orifice of the urethra. One of the patients (2.0%) may have experienced dysuria, whose residual urine volume was more than 50 ml. The results of bladder detrusor thickness, the descent of the rectal ampulla relative to the symphysis pubis at rest, and the posterior angle of the bladder are summarized in Table 2. The mean bladder detrusor thickness was 2.6 ± 0.9 mm, the vertical distance from the bladder neck to the posterior inferior edge of pubic symphysis was 27.7 ± 4.5 mm, the posterior angle of the bladder was 122.7 ± 18.9°, the vertical distance from the rectal ampulla to the posterior inferior edge of pubic symphysis was 18.5 ± 4.6 mm, and the mean area of hiatus of the levator ani muscle was 22.1 ± 6.0 cm2. The preoperative ultrasound measurements during the Valsalva movement are summarized in Table 3. The mean posterior angle of the bladder on Valsalva was 159.3 ± 23.1°, and the mean urethral rotation angle was 67.2 ± 21.4°.
Table 2. The 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data sets of the patients at rest.
Table 3. The 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data sets of the patients during Valsalva movement.
Therefore, the goal of this study was to demonstrate the significance of the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound for the clinical treatment of female patients with SUI. With the help of the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound, the individualized treatment regimen can be developed and, more importantly, the inappropriate surgical decision can be avoided.
Discussion
Urinary incontinence was defined as a social or hygienic problem by the International Continence Society due to the involuntary loss of urine (1), and SUI is a common type of urinary incontinence among women of middle age and elderly age. There are many factors related to the occurrence and progression of SUI. Besides the main risk factors such as advanced age and pregnancy and delivery, two of them are paid much attention in recent studies: the fascial structures of urethral support, which govern urethral mobility, and the urethral sphincter complex (USC), which provides the urethral tension (6). According to general recognition, the urethral closure pressure is the key factor in maintaining continence. With the increase of the abdominal pressure, the urethral closure pressure will be lower than the intravesical pressure, resulting in an unconscious urine leakage. The lack of urethral closure pressure is associated with anatomic changes in the bladder and urethra (21, 22). After the failure of conservative treatment, surgical treatment has become the priority treatment for the purpose to reconstruct the anatomical structure and function (23). TOT procedure is one of the effective options for SUI. The preoperative pelvic floor morphology of patients by the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound can help with assessing whether the urethral funnel is formatted, which is one of the contraindications to the surgery (12). The early complications of TOT surgery, including voiding dysfunction, pain, or the unsatisfactory improvement of urinary leakage symptoms, result in a poor subjective evaluation of urinary symptoms following the operation. A study of 446 patients suggested that the incidence of early postoperative complications was as follows: persistent SUI (0.7%) and voiding dysfunction >24 h (10.3%) (24).
The patients in our study emptied both the rectum and bladder before the examination, while some other studies had acquired dynamic data sets imaging with a bladder volume of 200–300 ml (25), or data sets with no more than 200 ml urine in the bladder (26). This may result in a lack of pelvic floor morphological data at the leakage point. A urodynamic evaluation, which is used to distinguish the type of urinary incontinence in female patients and facilitates doctors to choose the more appropriate treatment (27, 28), can detect leakage point pressure and depict pelvic floor morphological at leakage point combining with ultrasound. Urodynamics (UDS) testing has some requirements for the patients. For example, the patients are always required to have a natural urine output of over 150 ml to ensure the feasibility of the urodynamic examination results. However, some patients are still unable to meet this requirement. The preoperative pelvic floor morphology will be more accurately and comprehensively measured for the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data of the patients with SUI filling by larger sample and UDS data. Furthermore, the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound may replace UDS as one of the primary tests for preoperative evaluation of the patients with urine incontinence.
The current study may be limited because control group data was not collected (15, 29, 30). Besides, all the stored 4D pelvic floor ultrasound data sets are stable and all the examinations lack duplication, so the analysis of these data sets might not truly be reflective of the clinical practice and the achieved perfect consistency (25).
Conclusion
The 4D pelvic floor ultrasound could offer a reliable method in evaluating preoperational morphological characteristics of the patients with SUI. These data sets could facilitate doctors to understand the anatomical morphology characteristics of the pelvic floor of the patients. With the help of the 4D pelvic floor ultrasound, the individualized treatment regimen can be developed and, more importantly, the inappropriate surgical decision can be avoided.
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Ethics Committee (Quick-PJ2021-13-35). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
Conceptualization and study validation: CJ. Study supervision: CJ and CL. Implementation: CJ, YZ, KC, WC, and YW. Data analysis and interpretation: JC and SZ. Writing: SZ. Review: CL and CJ. Editing and revision: JC and SZ. All individuals listed as authors agree that they have met the criteria for authorship and that no individual meeting the criteria for authorship has been omitted. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Department of Ultrasound of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University for their valuable help in the study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT. Standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. First and second reports: International Continence Society. Urology. (1977) 9(2):237–41. doi: 10.1016/0090-4295(77)90207-2
2. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. (2002) 21(2):167–78. doi: 10.1002/nau.10052
3. Minassian VA, Yan X, Lichtenfeld MJ, Sun H, Stewart WF. The iceberg of health care utilization in women with urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. (2012) 23(8):1087–93. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1743-x
4. Hunskaar S, Lose G, Sykes D, Voss S. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four European countries. BJU Int. (2004) 93(3):324–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04609.x
5. Hawkins K, Pernarelli J, Ozminkowski RJ, Bai M, Gaston SJ, Hommer C, et al. The prevalence of urinary incontinence and its burden on the quality of life among older adults with Medicare supplement insurance. Qual Life Res. (2011) 20(5):723–32. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9808-0
6. Schimpf MO, Rahn DD, Wheeler TL, Patel M, White AB, Orejuela FJ, et al. Sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2014) 211(1):71.e1–27. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.030
7. Mostafa A, Lim CP, Hopper L, Madhuvrata P, Abdel-Fattah M. Single-incision mini-slings versus standard midurethral slings in surgical management of female stress urinary incontinence: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and complications. Eur Urol. (2014) 65(2):402–27. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.032
8. Nager CW. Midurethral slings: evidence-based medicine vs the medicolegal system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2016) 214(6):708.e701–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.04.018
9. Labrie J, Berghmans BL, Fischer K, Milani AL, van der Wijk I, Smalbraak DJ, et al. Surgery versus physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence. N Engl J Med. (2013) 369(12):1124–33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1210627
10. McGuire EJ, Lytton B, Kohorn EI, Pepe V. The value of urodynamic testing in stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. (1980) 124(2):256–8. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55396-3
11. Itkonen Freitas AM, Rahkola-Soisalo P, Mikkola TS, Mentula M. Current treatments for female primary stress urinary incontinence. Climacteric. (2019) 22(3):263–9. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2019.1568404
12. Li YQ, Geng J, Tan C, Tang J, Yang X. Diagnosis and classification of female stress urinary incontinence by transperineal two-dimensional ultrasound. Technol Health Care. (2017) 25(5):859–66. doi: 10.3233/THC-160786
13. Kupec T, Pecks U, Graf CM, Stickeler E, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Najjari L. Size does not make the difference: 3D/4D transperineal sonographic measurements of the female urethra in the assessment of urinary incontinence subtypes. Biomed Res Int. (2016) 2016:1810352. doi: 10.1155/2016/1810352
14. Yang JM, Yang SH, Huang WC, Tzeng CR. Reliability of a new method for assessing urethral compression following midurethral tape procedures using four-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. (2011) 38(2):210–6. doi: 10.1002/uog.9003
15. Cassado Garriga J, Pessarrodona Isern A, Rodriguez Carballeira M, Pallarols Badia M, Moya Del Corral M, Valls Esteve M, et al. Three-dimensional translabial ultrasound assessment of urethral supports and the urethral sphincter complex in stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. (2017) 36(7):1839–45. doi: 10.1002/nau.23193
16. Yang J-M, Yang S-H, Huang W-C. Dynamic interaction involved in the tension-free vaginal tape obturator procedure. J Urol. (2008) 180(5):2081–7. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.030
17. Spinosa J-P, Dubuis PY, Riederer BM. Transobturator surgery for female stress incontinence: a comparative anatomical study of outside-in vs inside-out techniques. BJU Int. (2007) 100(5):1097–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07125.x
18. Debodinance P. Trans-obturator urethral sling for the surgical correction of female stress urinary incontinence: outside-in (Monarc®) versus inside-out (TVT-O®): are the two ways reassuring? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2007) 133(2):232–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.05.015
19. Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. (2010) 21(1):5–26. doi: 10.1007/s00192-009-0976-9
20. Dietz HP. Pelvic floor ultrasound in prolapse: what's in it for the surgeon? Int Urogynecol J. (2011) 22(10):1221–32. doi: 10.1007/s00192-011-1459-3
21. Hay-Smith J, Herderschee R, Dumoulin C, Herbison P. Comparisons of approaches to pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women: an abridged Cochrane systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. (2012) 48(4):689–705. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009508
22. DeLancey JO, Trowbridge ER, Miller JM, Morgan DM, Guire K, Fenner DE, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: relative importance of urethral support and urethral closure pressure. J Urol. (2008) 179(6):2286–90, discussion 2290. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.098
23. Lucas MG, Bosch RJ, Burkhard FC, Cruz F, Madden TB, Nambiar AK, et al. EAU guidelines on surgical treatment of urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. (2012) 62(6):1118–29. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.09.023
24. Sogaard NB, Glavind K. Complications and re-operations after tension-free vaginal tape operation in women with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. (2021) 32(1):159–66. doi: 10.1007/s00192-020-04402-5
25. Yang JM, Yang SH, Huang WC, Tzeng CR. Reliability of a new method for assessing tension and configuration of transobturator suburethral tapes using four-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2013) 39(1):44–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.020
26. Yin Y, Xia Z, Feng X, Luan M, Qin M. Three-dimensional transperineal ultrasonography for diagnosis of female occult stress urinary incontinence. Med Sci Monit. (2019) 25:8078–83. doi: 10.12659/MSM.917086
27. Serati M, Cattoni E, Siesto G, Braga A, Sorice P, Cantaluppi S, et al. Urodynamic evaluation: can it prevent the need for surgical intervention in women with apparent pure stress urinary incontinence? BJU Int. (2013) 112(4):E344–50. doi: 10.1111/bju.12007
28. Weidner AC, Myers ER, Visco AG, Cundiff GW, Bump RC. Which women with stress incontinence require urodynamic evaluation? Am J Obstet Gynecol. (2001) 184(2):20–7. doi: 10.1067/mob.2001.108171
29. Garcia Mejido JA, Valdivieso Mejias P, Fernandez Palacin A, Bonomi Barby MJ, De la Fuente Vaquero P, Sainz Bueno JA. Evaluation of isolated urinary stress incontinence according to the type of levator ani muscle lesion using 3/4D transperineal ultrasound 36 months post-partum. Int Urogynecol J. (2017) 28(7):1019–26. doi: 10.1007/s00192-016-3208-0
Keywords: 4D pelvic floor ultrasound, transobturator suburethral tape (TOT), stress urinary incontinence (SUI), postoperative complication, female patients
Citation: Jiang C, Zhang S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Cai K, Chen W, Wu Y and Liang C (2023) Significance of 4D US parameters for the clinical treatment of female patients with stress urinary incontinence. Front. Surg. 10:1126293. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1126293
Received: 22 December 2022; Accepted: 19 June 2023;
Published: 21 July 2023.
Edited by:
Daniele Bianchi, University of Rome Tor Vergata, ItalyReviewed by:
Gabriele Gaziev, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) della Romagna, ItalyYasmeen Bano, Wenzhou Medical University, China
Hai-Hong Jiang, Wenzhou Medical University, China
Xiao-Liang Zhu, Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital, China, in collaboration with reviewer [H-HJ]
© 2023 Jiang, Zhang, Chen, Zhang, Cai, Chen, Wu and Liang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Chaozhao Liang bGlhbmdfY2hhb3poYW9AYWhtdS5lZHUuY24=
†These authors have contributed equally to this work