Impact of Body Composition and Physical Function on Quality of Life After Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Purpose: Patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy often suffer from a decline in their quality of life (QoL), but the relationship between body composition (BC) and physical function on QoL has rarely been studied. This study aims to evaluate and determine the changes in QoL after gastrectomy and the impact of BC and physical function on QoL.

Methods: A total of 311 gastric cancer patients completed EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaires before and 1, 3, 6 months post-surgery. Data including BC, handgrip strength (HGS) and 6-m gait speed (GS) were collected prospectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between QoL and BC, HGS and GS.

Results: Patients had significantly worse scores after surgery on most function and symptom scales (p < 0.001), but most of these scales recovered within 6 months after surgery. A higher subcutaneous fat area (SFA)was associated with increased symptom scores 1 month after surgery. A higher GS is associated with a better global health status symptom.

Conclusion: Patients suffer from a decline in their QoL after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Intervention strategies aiming at reducing SFA and improving GS may improve the QoL in patients underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Introduction

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignant tumor and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world (1). The incidence of gastric cancer is highest in East Asia (2). Although the treatment of tumor has made great progress, the main treatment for resectable gastric tumor is surgical resection with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (3). However, gastrectomy has a negative impact on the quality of life (QoL) (4–6). Dissatisfaction with life of patients after gastrectomy is mostly diet-related symptoms, including reflux, early satiety, nausea and pain (7).Therefore, medical workers and researchers are paying more and more attention to improving the QoL of survivors (8). So far, many studies on QoL after gastrectomy have been reported, most of which focused on the relationship between gender, age, type of reconstruction, the extent of gastric resection, surgical approach, and complications and QoL (9–16). Weight loss and changes in body composition (BC) are very common after gastrectomy, and these changes will affect the QoL (17). Nutritional assessment based on BC measurement can reflect BC, metabolic characteristics and physiological reserves, and is a factor that determines prognosis (18). The patient's 6-meter gait speed (GS) has always been used as an indicator of poor prognosis (19–21). However, few studies have reported the correlation between BC, physical function and QoL after gastrectomy.

The purpose of this study is to describe the changes in the patient's QoL within 6 months after gastrectomy, and to clarify the relationship between preoperative handgrip strength (HGS), GS, BC and QoL at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery.

Materials and Methods

Patients

This study included patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from 2014 to 2020. The research protocol has been approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. This project has been registered in the China Clinical Trial Registration Center (NO. ChiCTR1800019717). Inclusion criteria: (1) Age ≥18 years; (2) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score ≤3; (3) Preoperative gastroscopy pathology suggests gastric adenocarcinoma; (4) CT examination of the abdomen in our hospital within 1 month before the operation; (5) have complete questionnaire on the QoL before and within 6 months after surgery; (6) Agreed to participate in this study and signed an informed consent.

Exclusion criteria: (1) Incurable tumor; (2) The patient who cannot cooperate with the measurement of HGS or GS; (3) The patient has received radiotherapy or chemotherapy before surgery.

Data Collection

The following data were prospectively collected (1) Preoperative patient demographic and disease characteristics, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), ASA score grade, previous history of abdominal surgery. (2) Surgical details: including laparoscopic assisted surgery, type of gastrectomy, type of reconstruction. (3) Pathological data: the surgical specimens are tested by the pathology department to obtain the pathological type, tumor location, degree of differentiation, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging (according to the TNM staging of the 8th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) (22).

Hand Grip Strength and Physical Function

When the patient was admitted to the hospital, the patients were taught to use the maximum strength of the dominant hand to grasp the electronic grip (model: EH101; CAMRY, Guangdong, China) and take the average of two measurements (23–26).

The GS of 6 meters test is often used to evaluate as a physical function. The patients were taught to walk 6 meters at a normal speed without assistance, we record the required time and take the average of 2 measurements.

Quality of Life Assessment

Patients complete the QoL questionnaire after admission of hospital and during the routine follow-up after surgery. Postoperative follow-up was completed in three time periods: 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. The main purpose of this follow-up is to assess the recovery of the QoL after gastrectomy over time, so only those patients who completed all preoperative and postoperative follow-ups were included in the analysis.

QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 are adopted in QoL assessment. The EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire is used to assess the QoL of patients with cancer in general (27). EORTC QLQ-STO22 is specially developed to evaluate the HRQL of gastric cancer patients (28). According to the conversion formula provided by EORTC, the questionnaire score can be linearly converted into 0 to 100 points.

The EORTC QLQ-C30 scale can be divided into 1 global QoL scale, 5 functional scales (physical function, role function, emotional function, cognitive function, social function) and 9 symptom subscales (fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). QLQ-STO22 can be divided into 9 symptom subscales (dysphagia, pain, reflux, eating restriction, anxiety, dry mouth, body image, hair loss, taste loss). The functional scale and the general health status scale are positive score scales, the higher the score, the better the QoL; the symptom scale are negative score scales, the higher the score, the worse the QoL.

Measurement Body Composition Parameters

By analyzing CT images at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3), using image processing system (GE ADW 4.5), BC parameters were measured to determine skeletal muscle and abdominal adipose tissue area [subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral fat area (VFA)]. Tissue Hounsfield Unit (HU)thresholds were as follows: skeletal muscle −29 to +150 HU, SFA −190 to −0 HU, VFA −150 to −50 HU (29). Skeletal muscle was normalized for height in meters squared to calculate the skeletal muscle index (SMI). Skeletal muscle density (SMD) was identified by the average value of HU in the muscle area. In order to explore the distribution of abdominal fat tissue, we also calculated the visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio (VSR).

Statistical Analysis

K-S test is used for normality test, The continuity data of the normal distribution is expressed as: mean and standard deviation (SD), and the non-normal distribution continuity data was expressed as: the median and the interquartile range (IQR). QoL 1, 3, 6 months after surgery were compared with preoperative QoL by using the paired Wilcoxon test. Finally, multivariable linear regression analysis with stepwise backward elimination was performed to evaluate the association between QoL scales and HGS, GS, BC paramenters, demographic characteristics variables. A P-value <0.05 is considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 22.

Results

Patient Characteristics

A total of 311 patients were included in the final analysis in this study. Human body baselines are shown in Table 1. Of the 311 individuals included, 227(73.0%) were men. The average HGS and GS of all patients were 27.6 ± 9.1 kg and 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s. The average body mass index (BMI) was 22.6 ±3.0 kg/m². The median of SMD and SMI are 37.2 HU and 43.7 cm²/m², respectively. The median of SFA and VFA are 0.9 and 0.9 dm², respectively. The median age at diagnosis was 64 years. One hundred and fifteen (37.0%) patients underwent total gastrectomy, 101 (32.5%) patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted operation. Among all patients, 119 (38.3%) patients used Billroth I for gastrointestinal reconstruction, 40 (12.9%) patients used Billroth II method, and the remaining 152 (48.9%) used Roux-en-Y method. The majority of patients (n = 204, 65.6%) had an advanced tumor stage (≥II).

TABLE 1

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients.

Postoperative QoL vs. Preoperative QoL

The average QoL score and standard deviation of the study population were shown in Table 2. In the first month after the operation, all functional scales except for the emotional function decreased compared to before surgery, and then gradually increased within 6 months after surgery. At 6 months after the operation, the scores of role function, emotional function and cognitive function returned to the preoperative level, while the scores of physical function and social function have not yet recovered to the preoperative level. The score of global health status continued to improve after surgery, and was significantly higher than before surgery at 6 months after surgery.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Mean scores of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 scales.

On General symptom scales, most symptoms become worse after surgery. In addition, pain, appetite loss, and dysphagia symptom scale scores were not statistically different before and 1 month after surgery, indicating that these symptoms did not change after surgery at this point in time. At 6 months after surgery, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, eating restrictions, hair loss symptom scales scores were still higher than those before surgery. The scores of the rest of the symptom scales all showed a gradual decline and improved significantly.

Predictive Factors for QoL 1, 3, 6 Months After Surgery

Table 3 shows that SFA is associated with poor QoL at 1 month after surgery, such as nausea and vomiting [4.2 (2.7; 5.6), p < 0.001], appetite loss [4.8 (2.4; 7.3), p < 0.001], constipation [4.1 (2.9; 5.3), p < 0.001], dysphagia [2.3 (0.7; 3.8), p = 0.004], global health status [−2.5 (−4.4; −0.5), p = 0.014]. VFA is negatively correlated with role function [−5.1 (−9.6; −0.6), p = 0.028] and cognitive function [−2.7 (−4.9; −0.6), p = 0.013], but it is positively correlated with anxiety [−4.5 (−8.0; −1.0), p = 0.012]. GS is positively correlated with insomnia [−12.1 (−22.2; −2.0), p = 0.02], global health status [12.7 (2.6; 22.9), p = 0.014] and hair loss [−2.4 (−4.6; −0.2), p = 0.032], but it is also a poor social function [−18.3 (−28.9; −7.8), p = 0.001] significant predictor.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Multivariable linear regression model on quality of life, symptom scales, and functional scales from EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 for 1 month after surgery.

It can be seen from Table 4 that VFA is a predictor of good QoL at 3 months after surgery. It is positively correlated with cognitive functioning [1.4 (0.0; 2.7), p = 0.045], dyspnea [−2.3 (−3.9; −0.7), p = 0.005], global health status [3.1 (0.4; 5.8), p = 0.027] and eating restrictions [−1.8 (−3.5; −0.1), p = 0.042]. VSR is positively correlated with social functioning [3.3 (0.2; 6.5), p = 0.039], but patients with high VSR have symptoms of dyspnea [1.9 (0.2; 3.6), p = 0.028], eating restrictions [2.2 (0.3; 4.1), p = 0.021]. High GS is an independent predictor of better QoL scores for cognitive functioning [6.3 (1.2; 11.3), p = 0.016], financial problems [−5.6 (−10.6; −0.5), p = 0.032], reflux [−7.6 (−14.2; −1.0), p = 0.023]. At the same time, it is also a predictor of hair loss [7.1 (1.9; 12.3), p = 0.007]. SMI is associated with higher nausea and vomiting [0.4 (0.1; 0.8), p = 0.014], pain [0.3 (0.1; 0.6), p = 0.004] and anxiety [0.4 (0.1; 0.7), p = 0.009] scores.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Multivariable linear regression model on quality of life, symptom scales, and functional scales from EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 for 3 months after surgery.

The multiple linear regression model at 6 months after surgery was shown in Table 5. VSR is an independent predictor of better global health status [3.1 (0.1; 6.1), p = 0.04]. SFA and insomnia [2.2 (0.9;3.4), p = 0.001] are negatively correlated. A higher VFA is negatively correlated with nausea and vomiting [3.0 (0.7; 5.3), p = 0.01]. GS is positively correlated with emotional functioning [5.6 (0.9; 10.4), p = 0.02], cognitive functioning [2.8 (0.6; 5.0), p = 0.014], reflux [−5.5 (−11.0; −0.1), p = 0.046]. However it is negatively correlated with social functioning [– 14.3 (−24.8; −3.7), p = 0.008]. SMD is a good predictor for fatigue [−0.4 (−0.7; −0.2), p = 0.002], appetite loss [−0.4 (−0.7; −0.1), p = 0.011], anxiety [−0.2 (−0.3; −0.1), p = 0.001] and dry mouth [−0.2 (−0.4;0.0), p = 0.037]. At the same time, it is also a predictor of higher dyspnea [0.1 (0.0;0.2), p = 0.017] QoL score.

TABLE 5

Table 5. Multivariable linear regression model on quality of life, symptom scales, and functional scales from EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 for 6 months after surgery.

Discussion

In the present study, we investigated the relationship between CT-based BC parameters, physical function and QoL 1, 3, 6 months after surgery in patients with gastric cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective study to investigate these correlations in gastric cancer. Our study showed that gastrectomy had a significant negative impact on QoL (5). However, most functional and symptomatic damages recovered within 6 months. These findings were similar to the results of another study by Hu et al. (5, 30). The results of multiple linear regression showed that patients with higher GS at the time of diagnosis had better global health status scores 1 month after surgery. In addition, higher pace is associated with lower symptom score. In the first month after surgery, patients with a higher SFA at diagnosis usually had a poorer QoL, mainly manifested by a higher score on the symptom scale. Three and six months after surgery, SFA has no significant relationship with QoL. At 1 month after surgery, higher VFA content is associated with deterioration of role functioning and cognitive functioning, and it is associated with the reduction of appetite loss and anxiety symptoms. At 3 months after surgery, VFA has a protective effect on some functions, symptom scales and global health status. At 6 months after surgery, VSR is positively correlated with global health status. HGS, SMI and SMD showed minimal correlation with postoperative QoL. In addition, on some scales, males and lower ASA scores are predictors of better QoL (11).

Similar findings regarding the importance of BC on the QoL after surgery have also been demonstrated in several previous studies. The study by Biljana Gigic et al. concluded that for patients after colorectal cancer surgery, VFA was negatively correlated with social function and pain scores at a 6-month follow-up. At 12 months after surgery, VFA was negatively correlated with body function (31).In addition, Sheean's research showed that compared with non-obese women, abdominal obese women with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer had significantly higher levels of serum inflammation biomarkers, more severe symptoms, and lower QoL (32). Different from the conclusion of Biljana Gigic et al., our results show that high visceral fat is beneficial to the QoL at 3 months after surgery. The possible explanation is that visceral fat has a physiological role of providing energy during stress, which promotes the repair of the body (33). According to our team's previous research results, VFA is a double-edged sword for gastric cancer patients. In patients with normal BMI, the positive effect of VFA on nutritional status may exceed its negative effect (34). Therefore, for patients with normal BMI, the protective effect of VFA on QoL may be more obvious.

The studies by Swisher et al. and Gudmundsson et al. show that higher SFA has an adverse effect on postoperative QoL. In view of these studies, we can recommend cancer patients with higher SFA to actively exercise and control their diet, which can reduce their body fat rate and improve their QoL (35, 36).

In the present study, GS showed a strongest predictive effect on QoL compared with other confounding factors. For example, 1 month after surgery, GS is the strongest predictor of global health. GS, as one of the measurement methods of physical performance, is used to diagnose sarcopenia. According to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, a single cut-off speed ≤ 0.8 m/s is used as an indicator of severe sarcopenia (26). In recent years, Charlotte Beaudart and his colleagues had invented a QoL questionnaire for patients with sarcopenia and found that there was a decline in the QoL in patients with sarcopenia (37). The research of our colleagues also found that patients with sarcopenia have a lower QoL after surgery (38). Decreased GS should be regarded as a sign of poor QoL after surgery.

In clinical studies, GS has been used as an effective tool to assess the elderly who are at high risk of adverse outcomes (19–21). There is a lot of evidence that poor physical functioning is associated with readmission rates (39), disability (40, 41), mortality (19), falls and depression (19, 42).These findings indicate that low GS at diagnosis is a powerful predictor of poor QoL and adverse outcomes in patients after gastrectomy.

GS as a safe, fast and simple tool is not commonly used clinically, even though International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) research shows that the usual gait as a single item tool is as sensitive as comprehensive tools in predicting adverse outcomes (19). We can use the GS test as a routine preoperative examination like abdominal CT. In this way, the characteristics that determine the patient's short-term QoL can be identified as early as possible. Our findings indicate that patients with high SFA or low GS at diagnosis have a lower QoL after gastrectomy. Therefore, these patients may need a customized plan to reduce SFA and improve physical function. For example, in the process of tumor treatment, moderate- or vigorous-intensity exercise (43), reasonable diet, and strengthening of nutritional support will help to improve their QoL.

The advantage of our research is the use of CT to define the composition of BC, which allows us to accurately define the fat and muscle tissue of patients with gastric cancer. Secondly, CT is used as a routine preoperative examination for patients with gastric cancer, which means that there is no need for another exposure to radiation. Our main innovation is to comprehensively analyze the effects of various components of human BC and physical functions on the QoL, and conduct a multi-factor analysis on them.

This study has several limitations. First of all, this is a single-center study, and the results of the study may not be representative of the general population. Secondly, the postoperative follow-up time for patients is short, and because postoperative abdominal CT examinations are not frequent performed, postoperative BC data are missing. The long-term BC and QoL after surgery still need to be verified in future studies.

Conclusions

This research found that patients with gastric cancer suffer from a decline in their QoL after gastrectomy. Besides, a lower gait speed or a higher subcutaneous fat area before surgery is associated with a worse quality of life after surgery. Therefore, based on current research, exercise and diet control may improve the quality of life in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy.

Code availability: SPSS software (version 22.0 IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

X-LC: contributed to the study design and revised the article. Q-TD, C-GX, H-NS, J-YY, and H-YC: collected the data. W-ZC and D-DH: analyzed and interpreted the data. H-YC and XL: helped to draft the article. W-BW: wrote the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Zhejiang Provincial Health Department Medical Support Discipline-Nutrition (11-ZC24). Special Fund of Zhejiang Upper Gastrointestinal Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center (jbzx-202006).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Abbreviations

SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; HGS, handgrip strength; GS, gait speed; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; SMD, skeletal muscle density; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; VFA, visceral fat area; VSR, VFA to SFA ratio; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis; QoL, quality of life; BC, body composition; BCMS, BC measurement; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; HU, Tissue Hounsfield Unit.

References

1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. (2021) 71:209–49. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. (2015) 65:87–108. doi: 10.3322/caac.21262

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Japanese Gastric Cancer A. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric Cancer. (2021) 24:1–21. doi: 10.1007/s10120-020-01042-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Yu W, Park KB, Chung HY, Kwon OK, Lee SS. Chronological changes of quality of life in long-term survivors after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Cancer Res Treat. (2016) 48:1030–6. doi: 10.4143/crt.2015.398

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Hu Y, Vos EL, Baser RE, Schattner MA, Nishimura M, Coit DG, et al. Longitudinal analysis of quality-of-life recovery after gastrectomy for cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. (2021) 28:48–56. doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-09274-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Randle RW, Swords DS, Levine EA, Fino NF, Squires MH, Poultsides G, et al. Optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma: A 7-institution study of the US gastric cancer collaborative. J Surg Oncol. (2016) 113:750–5. doi: 10.1002/jso.24227

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Nakada K, Ikeda M, Takahashi M, Kinami S, Yoshida M, Uenosono Y, et al. Characteristics and clinical relevance of postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale (PGSAS)-45: newly developed integrated questionnaires for assessment of living status and quality of life in postgastrectomy patients. Gastric Cancer. (2015) 18:147–58. doi: 10.1007/s10120-014-0344-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Lee SS, Chung HY, Kwon O, Yu W. Long-term shifting patterns in quality of life after distal subtotal gastrectomy: preoperative- and healthy-based interpretations. Ann Surg. (2015) 261:1131–7. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000832

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Han DS, Ahn J, Ahn HS. Are the elderly patient's changes in the health-related quality of life one year after gastrectomy for stomach cancer different from those in young patients? Ann Surg Treat Res. (2021) 100:8–17. doi: 10.4174/astr.2021.100.1.8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Yabusaki H, Kodera Y, Fukushima N, Hiki N, Kinami S, Yoshida M, et al. Comparison of postoperative quality of life among three different reconstruction methods after proximal gastrectomy: insights from the PGSAS study. World J Surg. (2020) 44:3433–40. doi: 10.1007/s00268-020-05629-5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Brenkman HJF, Tegels JJW, Ruurda JP, Luyer MDP, Kouwenhoven EA, Draaisma WA, et al. Factors influencing health-related quality of life after gastrectomy for cancer. Gastric Cancer. (2018) 21:524–32. doi: 10.1007/s10120-017-0771-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Namikawa T, Oki T, Kitagawa H, Okabayashi T, Kobayashi M, Hanazaki K. Impact of jejunal pouch interposition reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer on quality of life: short- and long-term consequences. Am J Surg. (2012) 204:203–9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.09.035

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Kim YW, Baik YH, Yun YH, Nam BH, Kim DH, Choi IJ, et al. Improved quality of life outcomes after laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. (2008) 248:721–7. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318185e62e

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Misawa K, Fujiwara M, Ando M, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, Ito Y, et al. Long-term quality of life after laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: results of a prospective multi-institutional comparative trial. Gastric Cancer. (2015) 18:417–25. doi: 10.1007/s10120-014-0374-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Yasuda K, Shiraishi N, Etoh T, Shiromizu A, Inomata M, Kitano S. Long-term quality of life after laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Surg Endosc. (2007) 21:2150–3. doi: 10.1007/s00464-007-9322-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Park S, Chung HY, Lee SS, Kwon O, Yu W. Serial comparisons of quality of life after distal subtotal or total gastrectomy: what are the rational approaches for quality of life management? J Gastric Cancer. (2014) 14:32–8. doi: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.1.32

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Katsube T, Konnno S, Murayama M, Kuhara K, Sagawa M, Yoshimatsu K, et al. Changes of nutritional status after distal gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. (2008) 55:1864–7.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

18. Ahima RS, Lazar MA. The health risk of obesity-better metrics imperative. Science. (2013) 341:856–8. doi: 10.1126/science.1241244

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. van Kan GA, Rolland Y, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Beauchet O, Bonnefoy M, et al. Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people an international academy on nutrition and aging (Iana) task force. J Nutr Health Aging. (2009) 13:881–9. doi: 10.1007/s12603-009-0246-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Montero-Odasso M, Schapira M, Soriano ER, Varela M, Kaplan R, Camera LA, et al. Gait velocity as a single predictor of adverse events in healthy seniors aged 75 years and older. J Gerontol a-Biol. (2005) 60:1304–9. doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.10.1304

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Bergman H, Morley JE, Kritchevsky SB, Vellas B. The I.A.N.A Task Force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging. (2008) 12:29–37. doi: 10.1007/BF02982161

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. In H, Solsky I, Palis B, Langdon-Embry M, Ajani J, Sano T. Validation of the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM staging system for gastric cancer using the national cancer database. Ann Surg Oncol. (2017) 24:3683–91. doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-6078-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Maggio M, Ceda GP, Ticinesi A, De Vita F, Gelmini G, Costantino C, et al. Instrumental and non-instrumental evaluation of 4-meter walking speed in older individuals. PLoS ONE. (2016) 11:e0153583. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153583

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Rydwik E, Bergland A, Forsen L, Frandin K. Investigation into the reliability and validity of the measurement of elderly people's clinical walking speed: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. (2012) 28:238–56. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2011.601804

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. (2014) 15:95–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyere O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. (2019) 48:16–31. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy169

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Aaronson N, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez N, et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst. (1993) 85:365–76. doi: 10.1093/jnci/85.5.365

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Blazeby JM, Conroy T, Bottomley A, Vickery C, Arraras J, Sezer O, et al. Clinical and psychometric validation of a questionnaire module, the EORTC QLQ-STO 22, to assess quality of life in patients with gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer. (2004) 40:2260–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.05.023

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Fujiwara N, Nakagawa H, Kudo Y, Tateishi R, Taguri M, Watadani T, et al. Sarcopenia, intramuscular fat deposition, and visceral adiposity independently predict the outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. (2015) 63:131–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.031

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Hu Y, Strong VEASO. Author reflections: quality of life after gastrectomy for cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. (2021) 28:57–8. doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-09318-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Gigic B, Nattenmuller J, Schneider M, Kulu Y, Syrjala KL, Bohm J, et al. The role of CT-quantified body composition on longitudinal health-related quality of life in colorectal cancer patients: the Colocare study. Nutrients. 2020 12:1247. doi: 10.3390/nu12051247

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Sheean P, Gomez-Perez S, Joyce C, Vasilopoulos V, Bartolotta MB, Robinson P, et al. Body composition, serum biomarkers of inflammation and quality of life in clinically stable women with estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. (2019) 71:981–91. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1595053

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Chaston TB, Dixon JB. Factors associated with percent change in visceral versus subcutaneous abdominal fat during weight loss: findings from a systematic review. Int J Obes. (2008) 32:619–28. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803761

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Dong QT, Cai HY, Zhang Z, Zou HB, Dong WX, Wang WB, et al. Influence of body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance on the postoperative complications and survival after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a comprehensive analysis from a large-scale prospective study. Clin Nutr. (2021) 40:3360–9. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.007

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Swisher AK, Abraham J, Bonner D, Gilleland D, Hobbs G, Kurian S, et al. Exercise and dietary advice intervention for survivors of triple-negative breast cancer: effects on body fat, physical function, quality of life, and adipokine profile. Support Care Cancer. (2015) 23:2995–3003. doi: 10.1007/s00520-015-2667-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

36. Gudmundsson GH, Johannsson E. Fitness, body composition and quality of life following cancer treatment. Laeknabladid. (2020) 106:179–85. doi: 10.17992/lbl.2020.04.575

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

37. Beaudart C, Biver E, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Rolland Y, Bautmans I, et al. Validation of the SarQoL(R), a specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for Sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. (2017) 8:238–44. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12149

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Zou HB, Yan XL, Dong WX, Yu DY, Zhang FM, Zhou LP, et al. Sarcopenia is a predictive factor of poor quality of life and prognosis in patients after radical gastrectomy. Eur J Surg Oncol. (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.03.004

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

39. Studenski S, Perera S, Wallace D, Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Rooney E, et al. Physical performance measures in the clinical setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. (2003) 51:314–22. doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51104.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

40. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, Leveille SG, Markides KS, Ostir GV, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. (2000) 55:M221–31. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.4.M221

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

41. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Salive ME, Wallace RB. Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. N Engl J Med. (1995) 332:556–61. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199503023320902

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

42. Biderman A, Cwikel J, Fried AV, Galinsky D. Depression and falls among community dwelling elderly people: a search for common risk factors. J Epidemiol Community Health. (2002) 56:631–6. doi: 10.1136/jech.56.8.631

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

43. Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2012) 2012:CD008465. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008465.pub2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar