Skip to main content

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Sports Act. Living

Sec. Physical Activity in the Prevention and Management of Disease

Volume 7 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1553202

This article is part of the Research Topic Enhancing Physical Activity in Women Across the Lifespan: Evidence-based Insights into Quantification, Intervention, Outcomes, and Limitations View all 5 articles

Effects of Taekwondo Training on Thigh Muscle Cross-Sectional Area, Health-Related Physical Fitness, HbA1c, and GLP-1 in Sedentary Older Women

Provisionally accepted
Jaehyun Park Jaehyun Park 1Bongjo Kim Bongjo Kim 2Minki Jeong Minki Jeong 1Hyun-Hun Jung Hyun-Hun Jung 3Garam Hong Garam Hong 4*Sang Kab Park Sang Kab Park 3*
  • 1 College of General Education, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea
  • 2 Department of Physiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
  • 3 College of Arts and Sports, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
  • 4 Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: Sedentary lifestyles in older individuals are associated with reduced physical function and an increased risk of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise can enhance muscle mass, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic health. Taekwondo, a martial art that integrates both aerobic and resistance components, may improve strength, balance, and metabolic health in older individuals. This study investigated the effect of long-term Taekwondo training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, health related physical fitness, and metabolic indicators in sedentary older women.Methods: Seventeen participants (aged 65 years and older, sedentary time 8 hours and more per day) were randomly assigned to a Taekwondo group (n = 9) and a control group (n = 8). Outcomes, including thigh muscle cross-sectional area, health-related physical fitness, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured before and after the Taekwondo program. The Taekwondo group underwent 60 min of training, three times per week for 12 weeks. Variable changes over time and between groups were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA performed for significant interactions.Results: The Taekwondo group exhibited a significant reduction in body weight, body mass index, body fat, and mean arterial blood pressure (p < 0.05), as well as increased thigh muscle cross-sectional area, lean body mass and lower limb muscle mass (p < 0.05). Improvements in balance and gait speed, stride were observed (p < 0.05), indicating reduced fall risk and enhanced mobility. Laboratory analyses revealed reduced triglyceride and free fatty acids and elevated HDL-cholesterol and GLP-1 levels (p < 0.05). Increased thigh muscle cross-sectional area was inversely correlated with fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation.Conclusion: Long-term Taekwondo training improved thigh muscle cross-sectional area, health-related physical fitness and insulin resistance markers in sedentary older women, providing evidence for its use as an effective intervention to promote metabolic health in this population.

    Keywords: Taekwondo, Thigh muscle cross-sectional area, Health-related physical fitness, metabolic syndrome, Insulin Resistance, Older women

    Received: 30 Dec 2024; Accepted: 17 Mar 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Park, Kim, Jeong, Jung, Hong and Park. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence:
    Garam Hong, Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, 8050, Saitama, Japan
    Sang Kab Park, College of Arts and Sports, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

    Research integrity at Frontiers

    Man ultramarathon runner in the mountains he trains at sunset

    95% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or good

    Learn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish.


    Find out more