Skip to main content

REVIEW article

Front. Sports Act. Living
Sec. Exercise Physiology
Volume 6 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1423308
This article is part of the Research Topic Innovative Approaches to Exercise Assessment and Prescription in Non-Communicable Diseases View all 5 articles

Acute and chronic effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Provisionally accepted
Zoé Breuil-Marsal Zoé Breuil-Marsal 1Clémence Godek Clémence Godek 1Amandine Lotti Amandine Lotti 1Patrick Feiereisen Patrick Feiereisen 2Isabela Roque Marçal Isabela Roque Marçal 3Patricia Rehder-Santos Patricia Rehder-Santos 4Juliana Cristina Milan-Mattos Juliana Cristina Milan-Mattos 5Raphael Martins de Abreu Raphael Martins de Abreu 1*
  • 1 Lunex University, Differdange, Luxembourg
  • 2 Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
  • 3 University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  • 4 Dr. Washington Antônio de Barros Teaching Hospital, Petrolina, Brazil
  • 5 Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Objectives: To conduct a systematic review to determine the acute and chronic effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients on cardiac autonomic function, glucose variability, inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, hemodynamic variables, and exercise capacity.Methods: A search was carried out according to a specific search strategy, following the PRISMA statement, and three independent reviewers have undertaken the article selection process. Searches were carried out in June 2023, on the following electronic databases: EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), SCOPUS (Elsevier), and Web of Science. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. The search was limited to English-language, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), involving T2DM patients (>18 years old, with or without autonomic neuropathy, and/or inspiratory muscle weakness) following an acute or chronic intervention protocol based on IMT. Exclusion criteria were reviews, clinical trials, case studies, theses, dissertations, scientific conference abstracts, subjects with other chronic respiratory/neurological/cardiovascular diseases, and studies addressing other breathing exercises.The search strategy identified 1,352 studies, of which eight (two involving acute and six involving chronic IMT effects) were included. A total of 214 adults aged 52-63 years (51/49 male/female ratio), with BMI ranging from 27 to 36.8 kg/m², were included. The results demonstrated that after IMT, acute effects were reported, such as reduced glucose levels and an increase in the parasympathetic pathway, but also chronic effects including improved inspiratory muscle strength, endurance, and exercise capacity.Although some methodological differences among the studies were found, IMT may have beneficial effects on cardiac autonomic function, glucose level control, inspiratory muscle strength/endurance as well as exercise capacity. However, further studies are necessary to confirm these benefits.

    Keywords: Glucose, Respiratory muscle training, Autonomic Nervous System, exercise capacity, hemodynamic

    Received: 02 Aug 2024; Accepted: 15 Nov 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Breuil-Marsal, Godek, Lotti, Feiereisen, Marçal, Rehder-Santos, Milan-Mattos and Abreu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Raphael Martins de Abreu, Lunex University, Differdange, Luxembourg

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.