Eduardo Herrera
Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba- 1Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Aplicadas al Movimiento y la Cognición Humana, Departamento de Kinesiología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
- 2Núcleo de Bienestar y Desarrollo Humano (NUBIDEH), Centro de Investigación en Educación (CIE-UMCE), Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
In athletics, achieving peak performance during competitions is crucial. Warm-up strategies play a crucial role in optimizing the strength-speed performance of sprinters in athletics, especially tailored to the physiological demands of speed events. The need to balance flexibility, prevent injuries, and enhance power output makes the selection of an effective warm-up protocol essential. This narrative review examines different warm-up methods used by athletes and their effects on strength-speed in sprinters in athletics. The main findings indicate that Foam Rolling (FR), Isometric Exercises and Pre-Competitive Massages have no significant effects on sprint performance. Static stretching and prolonged Pre-Competitive Massages have negative impacts on strength and power. The Vibration Platform enhances step length, step rate and running velocity, jump height and total number of jumps performed in a 30-s period in non-experienced sprinters. Eccentric Exercise increases vertical force, Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) demonstrates a reduction in 100-meter time and short-term improvement in vertical and horizontal jumps. Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) significantly improving jump height and flight time. Various warm-up methods have been identified, some focusing on flexibility, others potentially detrimental, and some enhancing strength and power. Implementing effective warm-ups, particularly those promoting strength and power, poses a challenge for coaches seeking reliable alternatives to boost performance.
1 Introduction
Warming up is a procedure that is used in mostly all sports with the intention to gradually adapt the body physically and mentally for the main activity afterwards, preparing athletes for subsequent stress to enhance this activity performance (1–4), and to reduce the risk of injuries during that activity (5, 6). Although the positive effects of warm-up have been well-documented, negative effects have also been noted. Long warm-ups have been reported to cause fatigue and may detract from performance (5, 7).
Common warm-ups include cardio activities like calisthenics, dynamic stretching, or sport-specific movements, in athletics, particularly speed events, jumps, and throws, involve explosive efforts lasting a few seconds (8). Optimal results in these disciplines require strength and speed, making it essential to maximize power for enhanced sports performance (9). Adequate preparation, with a crucial emphasis on warm-up, aims to ready athletes for competition and acutely enhance sports performance (10). An effective warm-up is known to improve athletes' physical performance and reduce the risk of sports injuries (11). However, the challenge lies in the variety of warm-up methods, as not all align with the physiological demands of the task and may have negative effects on sports performance (12). Therefore, identifying the most optimal warm-up for athletics is critical.
This work aims to discuss the types of warm-ups used in athletics and their impact on the strength-speed or power variable to maximize competition performance, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art regarding the effect of warm-up on athlete performance.
2 Types of warm-ups used in athletics
Based on a literature review and observations from national and international championships, professional training sessions, and athlete warm-ups, the following warm-up methods can be summarized:
2.1 Foam rolling
Warm-up method in which athletes use their bodyweight to apply rolling pressure to the soft tissues to the target muscles (13). Foam rolling (FR) is a form of self-massage in which the targeted musculature is rolled and compressed utilizing a FR device (14).
Consequently, FR can be considered a form of self-induced massage because the pressure that the roller exerts on the muscles resembles the pressure exerted on the muscles through manual manipulation by the user himself (15).
• Increases range of motion without negatively affecting subsequent performance (16).
• Optimal implementation remains uncertain, posing challenges for coaches (17).
• No significant decrease in sprint time observed in relation to speed races (18).
2.2 Static stretching
Static stretching involves maintaining constant muscle tension at the end of the passive range of the muscle involved (19).
• Potentially positive effects on flexibility and prevention of muscle-tendon injuries. Evidence suggests negative impacts on strength and power, affecting subsequent performance (20).
• Adversely affects short distance races (21, 22) and shorter race times in 100 meters (23).
2.3 Dynamic stretching
Dynamic stretching has been defined as a controlled movement through the active range of motion for each joint (24).
• Reduces passive muscle stiffness, increases range of motion, and aids injury prevention (25).
• Enhances muscular performance, specifically in leg extension power (26) and drecreasing joint and vertical stiffness, improving the overall running economy (27).
• Acute changes in strength, power, and balance are less clear (28).
2.4 Pre-Competitive massages
This warm up method is based on the mechanical manipulation of body tissues, applying pressure in a rhythmic manner (29).
• No positive effects on maximum strength, jumps, balance, and agility.
• Negative effects on lower limb maximum strength, vertical jump, and sprints with prolonged massages (30).
• Questionable use in speed races due to demonstrated lower performance (31, 32).
2.5 Vibration platform
In this warm-up, the athlete must stand on a platform that generates vertical sinusoidal vibration at frequencies between 25 and 50 Hz, transmitting these mechanical stimuli throughout the body, stimulating the sensory receptors, most likely muscle spindles (33). Causing activation of the alpha-motoneurons and initiates muscle contractions comparable to the “tonic vibration reflex” (33)
• Safe method, seemingly with no injury incidents and increases flexibility and subjects' range of motion (34).
• Improve kinematical characteristics of sprint running as step length, step rate and running velocity and explosive strength characteristics as jump height, total number of jumps performed in a period of 30 s in non-experienced sprinters (33)
• Efficacy of body vibration as an ergogenic aid in 30-meter sprints is questioned (35).
2.6 Isometric exercises
This warm-up method involves contraction of the muscles without performing any external movement (36).
• Demonstrated improvements in sports like baseball (37) and rowing (38).
• Isometric warm-up had no significant effects on sprint performance and counter-movement jump height (39).
2.7 Eccentric exercise
This warm-up method is characterized by the lengthening of the muscle-tendon complex and occurs when a force applied to the muscle exceeds the momentary force of the muscle itself (40), resulting in the forced lengthening of the muscle-tendon system while contracting (41).
• Increases vertical force, resulting in higher speed at the activity's onset (42).
• Significant improvements observed in counter-movement jumps and 30-meter sprints (43).
• Enhances speed performance or in rebound activities such as jump (44, 45)
2.8 Jumping warm-Up
This warm-up method can be described by the stretch-shortening cycle, where you go from a rapid eccentric muscle contraction to a rapid concentric muscle contraction (46), is characterized by the operation of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) that develops during the transition from a rapid eccentric muscle contraction (deceleration or a negative phase) to a rapid concentric muscle contraction (acceleration or a positive phase) (46).
• Plyometric activations show significant increases in subsequent jump height and maximum power (47).
• Adding plyometric exercises during warm-up may improve performance in short-distance races (48, 49).
2.9 Post-Activation potentiation (PAP)
This warm-up method involves maximal or submaximal stimuli that provide a window of improvement in muscle power (50), this improvement depends on the balance of fatigue and potentiation, which in turn depends on the type of exercise, volume, intensity and recovery time (51). Originally defined by Robbins (52), PAP is a phenomenon by which the force exerted by a muscle is increased due to its previous contraction. Post-activation potentiation is a theory that purports that the contractile history of a muscle influences the mechanical performance of subsequent muscle contractions.
• Studied improvements in shot put distance in competitive throwers (53), reduced 100-meter time with submaximal squats (54), and short-term enhancement of vertical (55) and horizontal jumps (56).
2.10 Blood flow restriction (BFR)
This warm-up method is based on the use of pressurized cuffs in the proximal portion of the muscle of each extremity, whether upper or lower, this pressure guarantees arterial supply and prevents venous return from the corresponding area (57).
• Successfully employed in some studies, significantly improving jump height and flight time (58).
• observed in various studies (59, 60).
In conclusion, understanding the nuanced effects of different warm-up methods is crucial for coaches and athletes seeking to optimize performance in athletics competitions, particularly in speed events.
3 Discussion
Initially, we encountered warm-ups focused on the acute increase in flexibility. While flexibility plays a crucial role in preventing musculoskeletal injuries (11), prolonged flexibility-focused warm-ups may contribute to injuries and a decline in sports performance (61). It has even been demonstrated that a single session of static stretching can significantly reduce maximum strength and power (62). However, if a choice must be made between static and dynamic stretching, dynamic stretching presents greater benefits compared to static stretching and no stretching at all (63). Similar outcomes are obtained with massages as a warm-up method, as they do not directly enhance performance (64) and may only influence flexibility without impacting motor capabilities (65), potentially being detrimental if excessively long. The same caution should be applied to dynamic stretching and foam roller use if done excessively (66). In the same way, the use of foam rolling as a warm-up activity (i.e., pre-rolling) is still in question, some evidence indicate that pre-rolling causes a small acute improvement in sprint performance and flexibility, while its effect on jump and strength performance was negligible (17).
Interestingly the effects of pre-rolling on sprint performance seem to be more relevant for elite athletes, while it is possible that recreationally active individuals may not benefit substantially from pre-rolling (17).
Vibration platform exercises and isometric exercises do not seem to significantly influence strength, as indicated in Table 1. Some authors argue against the performance-enhancing effects of a vibration platform protocol (68), and isometric warm-up shows similar results in speed compared to a dynamic stretching protocol (69).
Table 1. Effects of different types of warm-up on flexibility, strength and power.
Regarding jumping warm-up, an improvement in strength and power is observed, but contrary to Creekmur's statement, other authors have concluded that it does not impact subsequent running performance (70). More research is necessary, in order to clarify the effects of jumping warm-up on running performance.
Eccentric exercises and Post-Activation Potentiation result in an acute performance increase, even reflected in subsequent races (71). However, implementing these methods in athletics competitions poses challenges due to time constraints and equipment logistics dictated by athletics regulations (72). Additionally, the neuromuscular effects of eccentric exercises, including a potential decrease in maximum strength and force development rate, must be considered (73).
Blood flow restriction (BFR) warm-up, as mentioned earlier, shows gains in power and jump height. Some authors suggest that working with BFR reduces fatigue, providing a longer interval to benefit from post-activation potentiation (60). However, more information is needed to determine its impact on improving running times.
Finally, the warm-ups reported in this review are based on what has been observed in national and international championships, as well as information gathered from the literature. The most used warm-ups include two types of stretching, static and dynamic stretching, the use of a foam roller, and to a lesser extent, jumps. Other warm-up techniques are challenging to implement in competition settings as they require greater equipment or weights, which would be prohibited in the athletics warm-up area due to safety reasons.
3.1 Limitations
As this is a narrative review, the authors attempted to reflect the essential state of the literature by performing an extended study search. However, because there is a vast number of studies, especially regarding the effects of stretching on flexibility in humans, it was necessary to focus the literature search, which possibly led to some studies missing in the review article. To analyze studies addressing our research question, we started by screening recent systematic review articles addressing the topic (17, 30, 39, 50, 58, 65). Subsequently, related articles and reference lists were screened to find articles excluded in the aforementioned systematic reviews. Furthermore, only studies that investigated the effects of warm-up on strength or strength-related parameters, such as maximal torque, maximal voluntary contractions (eccentric, isometric, or concentric), and muscle power, were considered in this review.
4 Conclusion
Warm-ups should be individualized and sport specific. An inappropriate warm-up could be detrimental, negatively affecting strength. In the case of athletics, the warm-up should focus on increasing the subjects' power. While effective protocols exist, their applicability is limited. Therefore, working with blood flow restriction could be a beneficial tool, but further research is required to understand its real effects and whether it enhances competition performance.
Author contributions
EH: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. CO-F: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1360414/full#supplementary-material.
References
2. Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. (2010) 24(1):140–8. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0
4. McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. (2015) 45(11):1523–46. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x
6. Zentz C, Fees M, Mehdi O, Decker A. Incorporating resistance training into precompetition warm up. Strength Cond. (1998) 20(4):51–4. doi: 10.1519/1073-6840(1998)020%3C0051:IRTITP%3E2.3.CO;2
7. Galbraith A, Willmott A. Transition phase clothing strategies and their effect on body temperature and 100-m swimming performance. Eur J Sport Sci. (2018) 18(2):182–9. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1411528
8. Zaras N, Stasinaki AN, Methenitis S, Karampatsos G, Fatouros I, Hadjicharalambous M, et al. Track and field throwing performance prediction: training intervention, muscle architecture adaptations and field tests explosiveness ability. J Phys Educ Sport. (2019) 19(2):436–43. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2019.s2064
9. Izquierdo M, Häkkinen K, Gonzalez-Badillo JJ, Ibañez J, Gorostiaga EM. Effects of long-term training specificity on maximal strength and power of the upper and lower extremities in athletes from different sports. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2002) 87(3):264–71. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0628-y
10. Gullich A, Sehmidtbleicher D. MVC-induced short-term potentiation of explosive force. New Stud Athl. (1996) 11(4):67–81.
11. Shellock FG, Prentice WE. Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Med. (1985) 2(4):267–78. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198502040-00004
12. Chiu L, Fry A, Weiss L, Schilling B, Brown L, Smith S. Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res. (2003) 17(4):671. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017%3C0671:PPRIAA%3E2.0.CO;2
13. Cheatham SW, Kolber MJ, Cain M, Lee M. The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: a systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. (2015) 10(6):827–38. 26618062
14. Peacock CA, Krein DD, Silver TA, Sanders GJ, VON Carlowitz KA. An acute bout of self-myofascial release in the form of foam rolling improves performance testing. Int J Exerc Sci. (2014) 7(3):202–11. 27182404
15. Pearcey GE, Bradbury-Squires DJ, Kawamoto JE, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG, Button DC. Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures. J Athl Train. (2015) 50(1):5–13. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01
16. Konrad A, Nakamura M, Warneke K, Donti O, Gabriel A. The contralateral effects of foam rolling on range of motion and muscle performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2023) 123(6):1167–78. doi: 10.1007/s00421-023-05142-2
17. Wiewelhove T, Döweling A, Schneider C, Hottenrott L, Meyer T, Kellmann M, et al. A meta-analysis of the effects of foam rolling on performance and recovery. Front Physiol. (2019) 10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00376
18. Miller BC, Tirko AW, Shipe JM, Sumeriski OR, Moran K. The effects of foam rolling on maximal sprint performance and range of motion. J Aust Strength Cond. (2019) 27(1):15–26.
19. Favero J-P, Midgley AW, Bentley DJ. Effects of an acute bout of static stretching on 40 m sprint performance: influence of baseline flexibility. Res Sports Med. (2009) 17(1):50–60. doi: 10.1080/15438620802678529
20. Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute effects of static stretching on muscle strength and power: an attempt to clarify previous caveats. Front Physiol. (2019) 10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01468
21. Sim AY, Dawson BT, Guelfi KJ, Wallman KE, Young WB. Effects of static stretching in warm-up on repeated sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. (2009) 23(7):2155–62. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b438f3
22. Winchester JB, Nelson AG, Landin D, Young MA, Schexnayder IC. Static stretching impairs sprint performance in collegiate track and field athletes. J Strength Cond Res. (2008) 22(1):13–9. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815ef202
23. Kistler BM, Walsh MS, Horn TS, Cox RH. The acute effects of static stretching on the sprint performance of collegiate men in the 60- and 100-m dash after a dynamic warm-up. J Strength Cond Res. (2010) 24(9):2280–4. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e58dd7
24. Turki O, Chaouachi A, Behm DG, Chtara H, Chtara M, Bishop D, et al. The effect of warm-ups incorporating different volumes of dynamic stretching on 10- and 20-m sprint performance in highly trained male athletes. J Strength Cond Res. (2012) 26(1):63–72. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821ef846
25. Iwata M, Yamamoto A, Matsuo S, Hatano G, Miyazaki M, Fukaya T, et al. Dynamic stretching has sustained effects on range of motion and passive stiffness of the hamstring muscles. J Sports Sci Med. (2019) 18(1):13–20. 30787647
26. Yamaguchi T, Ishii K, Yamanaka M, Yasuda K. Acute effects of dynamic stretching exercise on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. J Strength Cond Res. (2007) 21(4):1238. doi: 10.1519/R-21366.1
27. Pamboris GM, Noorkoiv M, Baltzopoulos V, Powell DW, Howes T, Mohagheghi AA. Influence of dynamic stretching on ankle joint stiffness, vertical stiffness and running economy during treadmill running. Front Physiol. (2022) 13. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948442
28. Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Konrad A. Potential effects of dynamic stretching on injury incidence of athletes: a narrative review of risk factors. Sports Med. (2023) 53(7):1359–73. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01847-8
29. Weerapong P, Hume PA, Kolt GS. The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports Med. (2005) 35(3):235–56. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535030-00004
30. Mine K, Lei D, Nakayama T. Is pre-performance massage effective to improve maximal muscle strength and functional performance? A systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. (2018) 13(5):789–99. doi: 10.26603/ijspt20180789
31. Fletcher IM. The effects of precompetition massage on the kinematic parameters of 20-m sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. (2010) 24(5):1179–83. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ceec0f
32. Moran RN, Hauth JM, Rabena R. The effect of massage on acceleration and sprint performance in track & field athletes. Complement Ther Clin Pract. (2018) 30:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.10.010
33. Giorgos P, Elias Z. Effects of whole-body vibration training on sprint running kinematics and explosive strength performance. J Sports Sci Med. (2007) 6(1):44–9. 24149223
34. Cochrane D. The sports performance application of vibration exercise for warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. Eur J Sport Sci. (2013) 13(3):256–71. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2011.606837
35. Bukkock N, Martin DT, Ross A, Rosemond CD, Jordan MJ, Marino FE. An acute bout of whole-body vibration on skeleton start and 30-m sprint performance. Eur J Sport Sci. (2009) 9(1):35–9. doi: 10.1080/17461390802579137
36. Lum D, Barbosa TM. Brief review: effects of isometric strength training on strength and dynamic performance. Int J Sports Med. (2019) 40(06):363–75. doi: 10.1055/a-0863-4539
37. Gilmore SL, Brilla LR, Suprak DN, Chalmers GR, Dahlquist DT. Effect of a high-intensity isometric potentiating warm-up on bat velocity. J Strength Cond Res. (2019) 33(1):152–8. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002855
38. Feros SA, Young WB, Rice AJ, Talpey SW. The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-M rowing ergometer time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. (2012) 26(12):3326–34. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182495025
39. Ullman ZJ, Fernandez MB, Klein M. Effects of isometric exercises versus static stretching in warm-up regimens for running sport athletes: a systematic review. Int J Exerc Sci. (2021) 14(6):1204–18. 35096248
40. Hody SV. Eccentric muscle contractions: risks and benefits. Front Physiol. (2019) 10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00536
41. Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC, Reich TE. When active muscles lengthen: properties and consequences of eccentric contractions. Physiology. (2001) 16(6):256–61. doi: 10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.256
42. Cuenca-Fernández F, López-Contreras G, Mourão L, de Jesus K, de Jesus K, Zacca R, et al. Eccentric flywheel post-activation potentiation influences swimming start performance kinetics. J Sports Sci. (2019) 37(4):443–51. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1505183
43. Fu K, Chen L, Poon ET, Wang R, Li Q, Liu H, Ho IMK. Post-activation performance enhancement of flywheel training on lower limb explosive power performance. Front Physiol. (2023) 14. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1217045
44. Franchi MV, Reeves ND, Narici MV. Skeletal muscle remodeling in response to eccentric vs. concentric loading: morphological, molecular, and metabolic adaptations. Front Physiol. (2017) 8. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00447
45. Chaabene H, Prieske O, Negra Y, Granacher U. Change of direction speed: toward a strength training approach with accentuated eccentric muscle actions. Sports Med. (2018) 48(8):1773–9. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0907-3
46. Slimani M, Chamari K, Miarka B, Del Vecchio FB, Chéour F. Effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in team sport athletes: a systematic review. J Hum Kinet. (2016) 53(1):231–47. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0026
47. Tobin DP, Delahunt E. The acute effect of a plyometric stimulus on jump performance in professional rugby players. J Strength Cond Res. (2014) 28(2):367–72. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318299a214
48. Creekmur CC, Haworth JL, Cox RH, Walsh MS. Effects of plyometrics performed during warm-up on 20 and 40 m sprint performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (2017) 57:5. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06227-7
49. Zimmermann HB, Knihs D, Diefenthaeler F, MacIntosh B, Dal Pupo J. Continuous jumps enhance twitch peak torque and sprint performance in highly trained sprint athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2021) 16(4):565–72. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0240
50. Seitz LB, Haff GG. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. (2016) 46(2):231–40. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7
51. Sanchez-Sanchez J, Rodriguez A, Petisco C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Martínez C, Nakamura FY. Effects of different post-activation potentiation warm-ups on repeated sprint ability in soccer players from different competitive levels. J Hum Kinet. (2018) 61:189–97. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0131
52. Robbins DW. Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res. (2005) 19(2):453. doi: 10.1519/R-14653.1
53. Evetovich TK, Conley DS, McCawley PF. Postactivation potentiation enhances upper- and lower-body athletic performance in collegiate male and female athletes. J Strength Cond Res. (2015) 29(2):336–42. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000728
54. Linder EE, Prins JH, Murata NM, Derenne C, Morgan CF, Solomon JR. Effects of preload 4 repetition maximum on 100-m sprint times in collegiate women. J Strength Cond Res. (2010) 24(5):1184–90. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d75806
55. Gourgoulis V, Aggeloussis N, Kasimatis P, Mavromatis G, Garas A. Effect of a submaximal half-squats warm-up program on vertical jumping ability. J Strength Cond Res. (2003) 17(2):342. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017%3C0342:EOASHW%3E2.0.CO;2
56. Seitz LB, Mina MA, Haff GG. Postactivation potentiation of horizontal jump performance across multiple sets of a contrast protocol. J Strength Cond Res. (2016) 30(10):2733–40. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001383
57. Hanke AA, Wiechmann K, Suckow P, Rolff S. Effectiveness of blood flow restriction training in competitive sports. Unfallchirurg. (2020) 123(3):176–9. doi: 10.1007/s00113-020-00779-6
58. Miller BC, Tirko AW, Shipe JM, Sumeriski OR, Moran K. The systemic effects of blood flow restriction training: a systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. (2021) 16:4. doi: 10.26603/001c.25791
59. Doma K, Leicht AS, Boullosa D, Woods CT. Lunge exercises with blood-flow restriction induces post-activation potentiation and improves vertical jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2020) 120(3):687–95. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04308-6
60. Zheng H, Liu J, Wei J, Chen H, Tang S, Zhou Z. The influence on post-activation potentiation exerted by different degrees of blood flow restriction and multi-levels of activation intensity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 19(17):10597. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710597
61. Jenkins J, Beazell J. Flexibility for runners. Clin Sports Med. (2010) 29(3):365–77. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2010.03.004
62. Opplert J, Babault N. Acute effects of dynamic stretching on muscle flexibility and performance: an analysis of the current literature. Sports Med. (2018) 48(2):299–325. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9
63. Zmijewski P, Lipinska P, Czajkowska A, Mróz A, Kapuściński P, Mazurek K. Acute effects of a static vs. a dynamic stretching warm-up on repeated-sprint performance in female handball players. J Hum Kinet. (2020) 72(1):161–72. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0043
64. Davis HL, Alabed S, Chico TJA. Effect of sports massage on performance and recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. (2020) 6(1):e000614. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000614
65. Dakić M, Toskić L, Ilić V, Đurić S, Dopsaj M, Šimenko J. The effects of massage therapy on sport and exercise performance: a systematic review. Sports. (2023) 11(6):110. doi: 10.3390/sports11060110
66. Yuan H, Mao J, Lai C, Lu H, Xue Y, Liu Q. Acute effects of foam rolling and dynamic stretching on angle-specific change of direction ability, flexibility and reactive strength in male basketball players. Biol Sport. (2023) 40(3):877–87. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.121325
67. Behara B, Jacobson BH. Acute effects of deep tissue foam rolling and dynamic stretching on muscular strength, power, and flexibility in division I linemen. J Strength Cond Res. (2017) 31(4):888–92. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001051
68. Ewertowska P, Świtała K, Grzyb W, Urbański R, Aschenbrenner P, Krzysztofik M. Effects of whole-body vibration warm-up on subsequent jumping and running performance. Sci Rep. (2023) 13(1):7411. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34707-6
69. Pojskić H, Pagaduan JC, Babajić F, Užičanin E, Muratović M, Tomljanović M. Acute effects of prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric warm-up schemes on jump, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate soccer players. Biol Sport. (2014) 32(2):129–34. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1140427
70. Kümmel J, Bergmann J, Prieske O, Kramer A, Granacher U, Gruber M. Effects of conditioning hops on drop jump and sprint performance: a randomized crossover pilot study in elite athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. (2016) 8(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s13102-016-0027-z
71. Piper AD, Joubert DP, Jones EJ, Whitehead MT. Comparison of post-activation potentiating stimuli on jump and sprint performance. Int J Exerc Sci. (2020) 13(4):539–53. 32509124
72. Docherty D, Hodgson MJ. The application of postactivation potentiation to elite sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2007) 2(4):439–44. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2.4.439
73. Vila-Chã C, Bovolini A, Francisco C, Costa-Brito AR, Vaz C, Rua-Alonso M, et al. Acute effects of isotonic eccentric exercise on the neuromuscular function of knee extensors vary according to the motor task: impact on muscle strength profiles, proprioception and balance. Front Sports Act Living. (2023) 5. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1273152
Keywords: warm-up, skeletal muscle, power, flexibility, sprint, athletes
Citation: Herrera E and Osorio-Fuentealba C (2024) Impact of warm-up methods on strength-speed for sprinters in athletics: a mini review. Front. Sports Act. Living 6:1360414. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1360414
Received: 23 December 2023; Accepted: 7 February 2024;
Published: 27 February 2024.
Edited by:
Georgian Badicu, Transilvania University of Brașov, RomaniaReviewed by:
Matheus Santos De Sousa Fernandes, Federal University of Pernambuco, BrazilWilhelm Robert Grosz, Transilvania University of Brașov, Romania
© 2024 Herrera and Osorio-Fuentealba. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba Y2VzYXIub3NvcmlvQHVtY2UuY2w=