Malte N. Larsen1*
Georgios Ermidis1,2
João Brito3
Cecilie Ørner1
Clarice Martins4,5
Luís Filipe Lemos5
Peter Krustrup1
Vincenzo Rago6- 1Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- 2Department of Sports and Well-Being “Parthenope” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- 3Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- 4Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
- 5Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- 6Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
Purpose: This study aimed to compare performance on sand and a firm surface and to describe the physical capacity of male and female beach soccer players.
Methods: Sixty-six male and 29 female competitive beach soccer players voluntarily participated in this study. Firstly, within-subjects test scores were compared to scores on a firm surface (criterion validity; n = 15 men) and reconducted on a second occasion (reliability; n = 51 men). Secondly, the best score on sand was retained to compare test performance between ages (classified as below 20, 20–30, and above 30 years) and sexes. Performance assessments included sprint time over 5 and 15 m (once on a firm surface and twice on sand), standing long jump (SLJ, once on a firm surface and twice on sand) and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1, once on a firm surface and once on sand; only data for men were available).
Results: Five-m sprint and Yo-Yo IR1 performance on sand were not correlated to performance on a firm surface (P > 0.05). Test-retest reliability was acceptable for the 15-m sprint and SLJ tests (ICC > 0.90; CV < 5%). Performance in 15-m sprint and maximal sprinting speed were moderately lower in male players aged above 30 years. compared to players aged below 30 years (d = 0.35–0.42; P < 0.05). Irrespective of the age group, weight-bearing power-based performance mass was moderately to very largely higher in male players than in female players (d = 0.42–0.88; P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The lack of a consistent relationship between performance on sand and on a firm surface might indicate the need to develop specific test batteries for sand-based athletes. Age-related differences in physical performance were evident only in sprint capacity. Further studies are warranted to elucidate our preliminary findings and to develop the sand specific tests.
Background
Beach soccer is a relatively new sport, having its beginning in the 1990s, and currently one of the fastest developing sports worldwide (FIFA). More than 50 countries worldwide play beach soccer, including 24 countries in Europe (Dansk Bold Union Beach soccer, 2019).
Beach soccer is characterized as an intermittent sport of high intensity involving specific actions such as accelerations, jumps, and passes with the added difficulty of executing these skills on an unstable surface (sand). This places high demands on energy and the anaerobic system, with the average intensity >90% of maximum heart rate during most of the match (Rosario et al., 2015; Scarfone and Ammendolia, 2017; Leite, 2021). This can be related to the small size of the beach soccer pitch (36.5 × 27.5 m) and the possibility of free substitutions. A team consists of more than twice as many players as the five players allowed on the pitch at the same time, which increases the demands on the players' anaerobic capacity and power, and the importance of fast recovery.
Despite the increasing popularity of beach soccer worldwide, played either at amateur or professional level, there is little research on this sport, with only one study describing the characteristics of beach soccer players (Leite, 2021) and independent of the specific sand sport soccer, there is a regular practice of training at sand surfaces from soccer teams, where specific measurements and test could be developed. This study aimed to, compare performance on sand and a firm surface and to describe physical capacity by age and sex in Brazilian beach soccer players at regional championship level.
Materials and Methods
A total of 95 competitive beach soccer players (66 males, 29 females) voluntarily participated in this study. The participants were involved in specific beach soccer training at least twice a week (on average 90 min per session) and 1–2 physical/strength sessions per week involving plyometrics, injury prevention, and power training and they were tested during the competition period in March 2019. Firstly, within-subjects test scores were compared to scores on a firm surface (criterion validity; n = 15 men) and reconducted on a second occasion (reliability; n = 51 men). Secondly, the best score on sand was retained to compare test performance between ages (classified as below 20, 20–30, and above 30 years) and sexes. Performance assessments included sprint time over 5 and 15 m (once on a firm surface and twice on sand), standing long jump (SLJ, once on a firm surface and twice on sand), and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 [Yo-Yo IR1, once on a firm surface and once on sand (only data for men were available)]. Assessment on sand and a firm surface was performed on separate days, minimum 2 days and maximum 14 days apart. During the 4-days tournament, information about environmental conditions was recorded via the Brazilian Government's Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies. Temperature ranged between 26.8 and 30.6°C, air humidity between 64 and 70% and wind velocity between 2.44 and 3.10 m/s.
Sample characteristics can be found in Table 1.
Table 1. Sample characteristics.
Anthropometrics
The anthropometric variables of height (m) and body mass (kg) were recorded from each subject. Height was measured using a stadiometer (Holtain Ltd., Pembrokeshire, UK), and body mass was measured with a bioimpedance scale (InBody 570, Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea).
Jump Performance
Standing long jump (countermovement) performance was measured after a warm-up programme. The participants performed two jumps separated by a 5–10-min rest. The jumps were performed wearing sports shoes or with bare feet. The participants stood still with their feet parallel and shoulder-width apart, with toes just behind a line. They were instructed to bend their knees to a 90-degree squat position before jumping as far as possible using their arms to generate power, researchers controlled the players by subjective evaluation, and told them to redo the jump, if the instructions wasn't followed close enough. The distance from the start line to the back heel on landing was measured in centimeters. Each player had two tries 5–10 min apart, and the longest jump was reported as the result. The standing long jump is a valid test strongly associated with upper- and lower-body maximal muscle strength and showing moderate-to high reliability (Markovic et al., 2004).
0–5-m Acceleration and 0–15-m Sprint
Acceleration and sprint times were measured using photocells (Speed Test 6.0 standard, Cefise, São Paulo, Brazil). The participants performed two 15-m sprints, one on sand and one on a firm surface, separated by 5 min of rest. The starting position was standardized, with the lead-off foot behind the starting line, which was located 1-m behind the first time gate. The photocell gates were placed at the start, and at 5 and 15 m. The subjects attempted to cover the 15 m as quickly as possible. The best time from the two attempts was recorded (0–5 m acceleration; 0–15 m sprint). When the test was performed on sand, the conditions were standardized. After each attempt, the sand was smoothed with a squeegee, ensuring the same conditions for all athletes in all attempts.
Cardiovascular Fitness
Running performance was evaluated by Yo-Yo IR1. The test was performed once on a firm surface and once on sand. The test consisted of two 20-m shuttle runs at progressively increasing speeds, separated by 10 s of jogging after each bout of running, around a cone placed 5 m behind the start line. Each run was separated by a beep played through loudspeakers. The frequency of the beeps increased during the course of the test. The first time the participant failed to reach the finish line in time, a warning was given; the second time, the test ended. Total running distance was recorded. Yo-Yo IR1 is a valid test strongly associated with aerobic fitness levels (Schmitz et al., 2018).
The tests were conducted within the season at a time when the players were supposed to be in their best condition.
A mixed linear model was used to assess age- and sex-related differences, while a paired sample t-test was used to assess surface-related differences in performance and test-retest reliability. The t statistics derived from either the mixed model or t-test were used to calculate the magnitude of differences (d) (Rosnow et al., 2000). Correlations between performance on a firm surface and on sand, and between test and retest, were evaluated using Pearson's product moment (Hopkins et al., 2009).
Results
Five-m sprint and Yo-Yo IR1 performance on sand were not correlated to performance on a firm surface (P > 0.05), with correlation coefficients at r = 0.14 and r = 0.34, whereas 15-m sprint and SLJ performance on sand and firm service was correlated (r = 0.79 and r = 0.61, irrespectively; P < 0.05). The results can be found in Table 2.
Table 2. Validity of sand-based performance tests vs. a firm surface (only data for men available, n = 15).
Test-retest reliability was acceptable for the 15-m sprint and SLJ tests (ICC > 0.90), while it was only found to be moderate for 5-m sprint time (ICC = 0.74). The results can be found in Table 3.
Table 3. Reliability of sand-based performance tests (only data for men available, n = 51).
Performance in 15-m sprint and maximal sprinting speed were moderately lower (4–5%) in male players aged above 30 compared to players aged below 30 (d = 0.35–0.42; P < 0.05). The results can be found in Table 4.
Table 4. Performance of beach soccer players by age group and sex.
Irrespective of the age group, weight-bearing power-based performance was moderately to very largely higher in men than in women (d = 0.42–0.88; P < 0.05). The results can be found in Table 5.
Table 5. Differences in power-based performance by sex.
Discussion
The main finding of the present study was the lack of a consistent relationship between performance on sand and on a firm surface, which indicates the need to develop specific test batteries for sand-based athletes. Since maximal muscle strength and aerobic cardiovascular capacity are important for performance in beach soccer (Rosario et al., 2015; Scarfone and Ammendolia, 2017; Leite, 2021), this challenges previous findings suggesting that land-based tests can be used as relevant evaluation of beach volleyball players (Bishop, 2003). Furthermore, beach soccer itself seems to be effective as aerobic fitness training for elite and recreational players (Yong, 2009; Brito et al., 2012), so a field test to evaluate the effects in both elite and recreational players would be of great relevance and might challenge the previous findings that aerobic power in beach soccer players and regular soccer players are similar (Miri et al., 2012), which is also seen when comparing the performance in the present study to that in studies examining male and female elite soccer players (Rodríguez-Fernández et al., 2018; Castagna et al., 2020). However, the biomechanics of jumping in sand are different compared to jumping on a firm surface (Giatsis et al., 2004; Riggs and Sheppard, 2009). Considering that lower values on sand have been attributed to a lower reuse of elastic energy and foot slippage (Binnie et al., 2014), it will be more relevant to have valid and reliable sand-based performance tests for beach soccer players. This is highlighted by the fact that that elite beach volleyball players have relatively strong legs when compared with studies assessing athletes using isokinetic devices at the same testing speeds, but lower vertical jump performance when compared to previous studies of elite indoor volleyball players (Davies, 2002; de Lira et al., 2017).
Regarding sprint performance, previous studies have found that in sand, the energy cost of a low-speed running is 24% higher than in a firm surface (Zamparo et al., 1992).
This percentage decreases for maximal speeds. Considering than in a 5-m acceleration test the speed is submaximal, and increases for the 15 m sprint, it is plausible that we may see a correlation for longer sprints, which also occur in beach soccer (Leite, 2021). With regards to the Yo-Yo test, its intermittent characteristic, combined with change of direction, might explain the lack of correlation.
The findings in the present study relating to maximal muscle strength might also be of importance in terms of lowering injury risk and thereby ensuring that the best players are available for all matches (Shimakawa et al., 2016; Sharifatpour et al., 2020), since injuries are found to be frequent in beach soccer (1,541 incidents per 1,000 player hours) (Porramatikul et al., 2018).
Age-related differences in physical performance were evident only in sprint capacity. This area of research is totally new in beach soccer, but has been described in regular soccer, where professional soccer players aged >30 years showed significant lower performance in total distance covered, number of fast runs and number of sprints compared with younger players (≤30 years) (Rey et al., 2019). On the other hand, the players' ability to make successful passes increased with age (Sal de Rellán-Guerra et al., 2019). Understanding age-related attributes can help team managers to design their rosters optimally and/or focus on physical training and rest, especially for older players, since the variation in their performance is also greater than seen in younger players (Lorenzo-Martínez et al., 2020).
Strengths and Limitations
The strength of the study is the level and number of participating players, providing knowledge of elite players, close to world-class in both genders, whereas the limitation is the number of variables measured, since more variables (i.e., from muscle or blood samples) describing aerobic, anaerobic and strength-related performance could be useful, as well as even more participants for subgroup analysis divided by different playing position, which has been shown to be important in terms of physiological match demands in soccer in both genders (Bradley et al., 2014; Datson et al., 2017).
Conclusions
The lack of a consistent relationship between performance on sand and on a firm surface might indicate the need to develop specific test batteries for sand-based athletes. Age-related differences in physical performance were evident only in sprint capacity, whereas gender differences was found in all evaluated parameters. Further studies are warranted to elucidate our preliminary findings.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The evaluation methods and procedures were approved by the local Ethics Committee (University Center of João Pessoa, Paraíba) with protocol number 19016819.2.0000.5176. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author Contributions
ML participated in designing the study, data collection, analysis, and finalized the first draft of the manuscript. GE contributed to the data analysis and the final draft of the paper. JB and PK contributed to the design and the final draft of the paper. CØ has worked on the first draft of the paper. CM and LL participated in designing the study, data collection, and the final draft of the paper. VR and GE contributed to the data analysis and the final draft of the paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
Binnie, M. J., Dawson, B., Pinnington, H., Landers, G., and Peeling, P. (2014). Sand training: a review of current research and practical applications. J. Sports Sci. 32, 8–15. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.805239
Bishop, D. (2003). A comparison between land and sand-based tests for beach volleyball assessment. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 43, 418–423.
Bradley, P. S., Dellal, A., Mohr, M., Castellano, J., and Wilkie, A. (2014). Gender differences in match performance characteristics of soccer players competing in the UEFA champions league. Hum. Mov. Sci. 33, 159–171. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.07.024
Brito, J., Krustrup, P., and Rebelo, A. (2012). The influence of the playing surface on the exercise intensity of small-sided recreational soccer games. Hum. Mov. Sci. 31, 946–956. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.011
Castagna, C., D'Ottavio, S., Gabrielli, P. R., and Póvoas, S. (2020). Sprint endurance abilities in elite female soccer players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 15, 1168–1174. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0526
Dansk Bold Union Beach soccer (2019). Availale online at: https://www.dbukoebenhavn.dk/aktiviteter/beach-soccer/ (accessed October14, 2020).
Datson, N., Drust, B., Weston, M., Jarman, I. H., Lisboa, P. J., and Gregson, W. (2017). Match physical performance of elite female soccer players during international competition. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31, 2379–2387. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001575
Davies, S. E. (2002). Strength and power characteristics of elite South African beach volleyball players. South Afr. J. Res. Sport Phys. Educ. Recr. 24, 29–40. doi: 10.4314/sajrs.v24i1.25848
de Lira, C. A. B., Mascarin, N. C., Vargas, V. Z., Vancini, R. L., and Andrade, M. S. (2017). Isokinetic knee muscle strength profile in brazilian male soccer, futsal, and beach soccer players. A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 12, 1103–1110. doi: 10.26603/ijspt20171103
Giatsis, G., Kollias, I., Panoutsakopoulos, V., and Papaiakovou, G. (2004). Volleyball: biomechanical differences in elite beach-volleyball players in vertical squat jump on rigid and sand surface. Sports Biomech. 3, 145–158. doi: 10.1080/14763140408522835
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., and Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies. Sports Med. Exerc. Sci. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 41, 3–13. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
Leite, W. S. S. (2021). Physiological demands in football, futsal and beach soccer: a brief review. Euro. J. Phys. Educ. Sport Sci. 2:382. doi: 10.46827/ejpe.v0i0.382
Lorenzo-Martínez, M., Rey, E., and Padrón-Cabo, A. (2020). The effect of age on between-match physical performance variability in professional soccer players. Res. Sports Med. 28, 351–359. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1680985
Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I., and Cardinale, M. (2004). Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. J. Strength Condit. Res. 18, 551–555. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200408000-00028
Miri, H., Moghadam, R. H., Nikbakht, H., and Ebrahim, K. (2012). Comparison of the aerobic and anaerobic power of iran's national soccer and beach soccer team players. J. Isfahan Med. School 29:166.
Porramatikul, M., Ditsattham, C., Thassayan, J., and Sriwattana, A. (2018). Match characteristics of the incidents in elite beach soccer tournament. J. Med. Assoc. Thailand 101:37.
Rey, E., Costa, P. B., and Corredoira, F. J. (2019). Effects of age on physical match performance in professional soccer players. J. Strength Condit. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003244
Riggs, M. P., and Sheppard, J. M. (2009). The relative importance of strength and power qualities to vertical jump height of elite beach volleyball players during the counter-movement and squat jump. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. 4, 221–236. doi: 10.4100/jhse.2009.43.04
Rodríguez-Fernández, A., Sánchez-Sánchez, J., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A., Villa Vicente, J. G., and Nakamura, F. Y. (2018). Effects of short-term in-season break detraining on repeated-sprint ability and intermittent endurance according to initial performance of soccer player. PLoS ONE. 13:e0201111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201111
Rosario, S., Antonio, T., Carlo, M., Laura, C., and Antonio, A. (2015). Match analysis heart-rate and CMJ of beach soccer players during amateur competition. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 15, 241–253. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868790
Rosnow, R. L., Rosenthal, R., and Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and correlations in effect-size estimation. Psychol. Sci. 11, 446–453. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00287
Sal de Rellán-Guerra, A., Rey, E., Kalén, A., and Lago-Peñas, C. (2019). Age-related physical and technical match performance changes in elite soccer players. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 29, 1421–1427. doi: 10.1111/sms.13463
Scarfone, R., and Ammendolia, A. (2017). Match analysis of an elite beach soccer team. J. Sport Med. Phys. Fit. 57, 953–959.
Schmitz, B., Pfeifer, C., Kreitz, K., Borowski, M., Faldum, A., and Brand, S. M. (2018). The Yo–Yo Intermittent tests: a systematic review and structured compendium of test results. Front. Physiol. 9:870. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870
Sharifatpour, R., Akoochakian, M., Alizadeh, M. H., and Abbasi, H. (2020). Prevalence and mechanism of injuries in Male Beach soccer players. J. Comm. Health Res. 9, 184–190. doi: 10.18502/jchr.v9i3.4261
Shimakawa, T., Shimakawa, Y., Kawasoe, Y., Yoshimura, K., Chinen, Y., Eimon, K., et al. (2016). Beach soccer injuries during the Japanese national championships. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 4:2325967115625636. doi: 10.1177/2325967115625636
Yong, Z. H. A. O. (2009). Effect of beach soccer training and traditional football training on football players' aerobic and anaerobic capacity [J]. J. Shandong Instit. Phys. Educ. Sports. 8.
Keywords: fitness, performance, Beach soccer, sprint, power
Citation: Larsen MN, Ermidis G, Brito J, Ørner C, Martins C, Lemos LF, Krustrup P and Rago V (2021) Fitness and Performance Testing of Male and Female Beach Soccer Players—A Preliminary Investigation. Front. Sports Act. Living 3:636308. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.636308
Received: 01 December 2020; Accepted: 29 January 2021;
Published: 23 February 2021.
Edited by:
John J. McMahon, University of Salford, United KingdomReviewed by:
Cristian Alvarez, University of Los Lagos, ChileJason Lake, University of Chichester, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2021 Larsen, Ermidis, Brito, Ørner, Martins, Lemos, Krustrup and Rago. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Malte N. Larsen, bWFsdGUubmVqc3QmI3gwMDA0MDtnbWFpbC5jb20=; bW5sYXJzZW4mI3gwMDA0MDtoZWFsdGguc2R1LmRr