AUTHOR=Toczek Lisa , Bosma Hans , Peter Richard TITLE=The Gender Pay Gap: Income Inequality Over Life Course – A Multilevel Analysis JOURNAL=Frontiers in Sociology VOLUME=6 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2021.815376 DOI=10.3389/fsoc.2021.815376 ISSN=2297-7775 ABSTRACT=

The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. Therefore, this study aims to investigate income trajectories and the differences regarding men and women. Moreover, the study examines how human capital determinants, occupational positions and factors that accumulate disadvantages over time contribute to the explanation of the GPG in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the GPG over the life course. The data are based on the German cohort study lidA (living at work), which links survey data individually with employment register data. Based on social security data, the income of men and women over time are analyzed using a multilevel analysis. The results show that the GPG exists in Germany over the life course: men have a higher daily average income per year than women. In addition, the income developments of men rise more sharply than those of women over time. Moreover, even after controlling for factors potentially explaining the GPG like education, work experience, occupational status or unemployment episodes the GPG persists. Concluding, further research is required that covers additional factors like individual behavior or information about the labor market structure for a better understanding of the GPG.