Joanna E. MacLean1,2,3*
Sejal Jain4- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- 2Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- 3Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- 4UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
Editorial on the Research Topic
Women in pediatric and adolescent sleep, volume II
In volume II of “Women in pediatric and adolescent sleep,” we highlight the diverse work of women researchers working in the area of pediatric and adolescent sleep. The seven articles in this volume are from a research area inspired, started, or sparked by women; are studies led by women; or celebrate outstanding female researchers and their contributions to pediatric and adolescent sleep.
Women likely make up the minority of sleep researchers, although this may be improving. In a 2021 study from two national U.S. sleep societies, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the Sleep Research Society (SRS), women made up only 17% of 164 U.S.-based AASM/SRS award recipients over 40 years (Naime and Karroum, 2021). An analysis of the trend over time did show an increase from 0% of award recipients being women in the 1980s' to 32% of recipients being women in the 2010s. U.S.-based women physicians received proportionally fewer AASM/SRS awards than women non-physician PhDs (10% vs. 29%). A 2024 study, using data from the AASM Diversity, Equity and Inclusion annual reports, showed that women's membership in the AASM increased from 33% in 2019 to 39% in 2022 (Shawa and Ehsan, 2024). Women's representation on the AASM Foundation's board of directors also increased from 20% for 1998 to 2017 to 50% for 2017 to 2022. Over its 50-year history, only 18% of all AASM presidents were women; the most recent 10 years, however, do show an upward trend, with women comprising 40% of AASM presidents and 80% of AASM Foundations presidents in the last 5 years (2018–2022). While these studies do not specifically look at the representation of women researchers in sleep, these data suggest that there has been progress in the number of leadership positions held by women in sleep medicine professional organizations.
Despite the improving trends of women's representation in membership, leadership, and awards, compensation inequities between women and men continue. The 2024 AASM study showed that the salaries of women physicians are 19% (approximately $62,000 USD) less than their male counterparts (Shawa and Ehsan, 2024). Differences are still seen when calculating compensation per work relative value unit (12% lower for women) or for total benefits (15% lower for women). These gender-related wage gaps are not unique to sleep physicians or U.S.-based physicians or researchers. Results from the analysis of publicly available Canadian data show that women physicians made up < 35% of 10 specialties with the highest gross and net income (Cohen and Kiran, 2020). By contrast, women accounted for 47%, 48%, and 62% of the specialties with the lowest income (family medicine, psychiatry, and pediatrics, respectively). Differences in hours of work are not sufficient to explain this gap. A national survey on the gender pay gap of the National Health Services (NHS; publicly funded health services) in the United Kingdom was 22%, a gap that is three times larger than for private-sector physicians or other public-sector health professionals (Jones and Kaya, 2024). Discrepancies in the pay gap between males and females may be attributable, at least in part, to differences in starting salaries (Catenaccio et al., 2022) and supplemental income (Miller et al., 2022), which are not explained by specialty, academic rank, work hours, research time, and other factors (Jagsi et al., 2013). Over the course of a career, this difference in wages adds up, with one study estimating that, on average, female U.S. physicians earn $2 million USD less than male physicians across a 40-year career (Whaley et al., 2021). An analysis of data from the Surveys of Doctorate Recipients conducted by the National Science Foundation shows pay gaps between men and women science and engineering doctorate holders working in both academia and industry (Ding et al., 2021). For the 1995–2017 period, women earned 5.3% less than men in academia, compared to 3.5% less in industry. This gap was similar for the 1995–2003 and 2006–2017 periods. The pay gap evolves differently across sectors, with equal pay for men and women starting in academia but widening over the career span. In contrast, men earn more to start within in industry, with the wage gap narrowing across the career span. Reducing and removing these inexplicable inequities in salary and compensation is important to attract women physicians and researchers to pediatric and adolescent sleep, as well as to research careers more broadly.
The topics covered in this Research Topic are diverse, showing the breadth and depth of research in pediatric and adolescent sleep. This includes topics spanning a range in age (young children to adolescents), employing a variety of methodological approaches (e.g., mixed methods), focusing on both existing and emerging technologies (e.g., non-invasive ventilation and machine learning), and addressing several pediatric sleep disorders including insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing. A study by Sturludóttir et al. shows the usefulness of machine learning in sleep analysis. Dobson et al. explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children using non-invasive ventilation using thematic analysis. A mixed-methods analysis of bedtime routines by Papadopoulou et al. highlights both variance in bedtime routines and common barriers to improving bedtime routines. A brief report from Bauducco et al. shows that popularity in adolescent girls comes at the cost of more insomnia symptoms. A systematic review of the relationship between sleep and physical activity by Wang et al. shows that variation in the measurements of sleep parameters and non-standardization of exercise protocols limits the ability to combine data for meta-analysis. Lacki et al. used polysomnography data to explore the characteristic features of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or obstructive sleep apnea. Finally, Olmstead et al. used framework analysis to explore children's experience of using long-term non-invasive ventilation.
For additional research from women in sleep, please see these Frontiers Research Topics:
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/59552/women-in-insomnia;
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/59319/women-in-neurology-sleep-disorders;
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/55217/women-in-sleep-and-breathing;
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/47458/women-in-pediatric-and-adolescent-sleep/magazine.
Author contributions
JM: Writing – original draft. SJ: Writing – review & editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Catenaccio, E., Rochlin, J. M., and Simon, H. K. (2022). Addressing gender-based disparities in earning potential in academic medicine. JAMA Netw. Open 5:e220067. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0067
Cohen, M., and Kiran, T. (2020). Closing the gender pay gap in Canadian medicine. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 192:E1011. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200375
Ding, W. W., Ohyama, A., and Agarwal, R. (2021). Trends in gender pay gaps of scientists and engineers in academia and industry. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 1019–1024. doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-01008-0
Jagsi, R., Griffith, K. A., Stewart, A., Sambuco, D., DeCastro, R., Ubel, P. A., et al. (2013). Gender differences in salary in a recent cohort of early-career physician-researchers. Acad. Med. 88, 1689–1699. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182a71519
Jones, M., and Kaya, E. (2024). The gender pay gap in medicine: evidence from Britain. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 76, 1033–1051. doi: 10.1093/oep/gpad050
Miller, H., Seckel, E., White, C. L., Sanchez, D., Rubesova, E., Mueller, C., et al. (2022). Gender-based salary differences in academic medicine: a retrospective review of data from six public medical centers in the Western USA. BMJ Open 12:e059216. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059216
Naime, S., and Karroum, E. G. (2021). Women are under represented in major US sleep societies recognition awards. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 17, 1665–1673. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9302
Shawa, J., and Ehsan, Z. (2024). Perspective: Women's leadership and salary inequality in sleep medicine. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 20, 475–477. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10934
Keywords: pay gap, salary and compensation, sex, gender, women
Citation: MacLean JE and Jain S (2025) Editorial: Women in pediatric and adolescent sleep, volume II. Front. Sleep 4:1577860. doi: 10.3389/frsle.2025.1577860
Received: 16 February 2025; Accepted: 24 March 2025;
Published: 04 April 2025.
Edited and reviewed by: Judith Owens, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
Copyright © 2025 MacLean and Jain. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Joanna E. MacLean, bWFjbGVhbjVAdWFsYmVydGEuY2E=