AUTHOR=Milano Nicola , Nolfi Stefano TITLE=Phenotypic complexity and evolvability in evolving robots JOURNAL=Frontiers in Robotics and AI VOLUME=9 YEAR=2022 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2022.994485 DOI=10.3389/frobt.2022.994485 ISSN=2296-9144 ABSTRACT=

The propensity of evolutionary algorithms to generate compact solutions have advantages and disadvantages. On one side, compact solutions can be cheaper, lighter, and faster than less compact ones. On the other hand, compact solutions might lack evolvability, i.e. might have a lower probability to improve as a result of genetic variations. In this work we study the relation between phenotypic complexity and evolvability in the case of soft-robots with varying morphology. We demonstrate a correlation between phenotypic complexity and evolvability. We demonstrate that the tendency to select compact solutions originates from the fact that the fittest robots often correspond to phenotypically simple robots which are robust to genetic variations but lack evolvability. Finally, we demonstrate that the efficacy of the evolutionary process can be improved by increasing the probability of genetic variations which produce a complexification of the agents’ phenotype or by using absolute mutation rates.