AUTHOR=Zörner Sebastian , Arts Emy , Vasiljevic Brenda , Srivastava Ankit , Schmalzl Florian , Mir Glareh , Bhatia Kavish , Strahl Erik , Peters Annika , Alpay Tayfun , Wermter Stefan 

TITLE=An Immersive Investment Game to Study Human-Robot Trust

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Robotics and AI

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2021.644529

DOI=10.3389/frobt.2021.644529

ISSN=2296-9144

ABSTRACT=<p>As robots become more advanced and capable, developing trust is an important factor of human-robot interaction and cooperation. However, as multiple environmental and social factors can influence trust, it is important to develop more elaborate scenarios and methods to measure human-robot trust. A widely used measurement of trust in social science is the <italic>investment game</italic>. In this study, we propose a scaled-up, immersive, science fiction Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) scenario for intrinsic motivation on human-robot collaboration, built upon the investment game and aimed at adapting the investment game for human-robot trust. For this purpose, we utilize two Neuro-Inspired COmpanion (NICO) - robots and a projected scenery. We investigate the applicability of our space mission experiment design to measure trust and the impact of non-verbal communication. We observe a correlation of 0.43 (<inline-formula id="inf1"><mml:math id="m1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.02</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) between self-assessed trust and trust measured from the game, and a positive impact of non-verbal communication on trust (<inline-formula id="inf2"><mml:math id="m2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0008</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) and robot perception for anthropomorphism (<inline-formula id="inf3"><mml:math id="m3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.007</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) and animacy (<inline-formula id="inf4"><mml:math id="m4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.00002</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). We conclude that our scenario is an appropriate method to measure trust in human-robot interaction and also to study how non-verbal communication influences a human’s trust in robots.</p>